CVE-2025-45731 describes a race condition vulnerability in version 5.5.0 of the 2FAuth software, which is a two-factor authentication management system. The flaw occurs during the deletion of a user group when concurrent operations are pending. Specifically, the race condition arises because the system does not properly synchronize the deletion process with other ongoing operations involving the same group. This leads to data inconsistencies, such as orphaned user accounts that remain linked to a deleted group or inconsistent group membership states. These inconsistencies can cause operational issues in authentication workflows, potentially allowing users to retain access rights that should have been revoked or causing failures in authentication processes. Although no known exploits are currently reported in the wild, the vulnerability could be leveraged by an attacker with sufficient access to trigger the race condition, thereby disrupting authentication integrity or causing denial of service within the authentication system. The absence of a CVSS score and patch information suggests this is a recently disclosed vulnerability requiring immediate attention from organizations using 2FAuth v5.5.0.

For European organizations, the impact of this vulnerability can be significant, especially for those relying on 2FAuth for critical authentication services. Data inconsistencies and orphaned accounts may lead to unauthorized access persistence or denial of legitimate access, undermining the confidentiality and integrity of user authentication. This could result in compliance violations with GDPR and other data protection regulations if unauthorized access leads to data breaches. Additionally, operational disruptions in authentication services can affect business continuity, particularly in sectors like finance, healthcare, and government where secure access control is paramount. The vulnerability does not appear to allow direct remote code execution or privilege escalation but can be exploited to cause authentication failures or unauthorized access persistence, which can be leveraged in multi-stage attacks.

Organizations should immediately audit their use of 2FAuth and identify any deployments running version 5.5.0. Until an official patch is released, mitigation should focus on operational controls: avoid performing group deletions concurrently with other group-related operations; implement strict change management and scheduling to prevent overlapping administrative actions on groups; monitor logs for anomalies related to group membership changes; and enforce least privilege principles to limit who can perform group deletions. Additionally, organizations should consider isolating the 2FAuth management interface to trusted networks and require multi-factor authentication for administrative access to reduce the risk of exploitation. Once a patch becomes available, prompt application is critical. Finally, organizations should prepare incident response plans to address potential authentication failures or unauthorized access resulting from this vulnerability.