CVE-2025-45731 identifies a race condition vulnerability classified under CWE-362 in the 2FAuth authentication management software, specifically version 5.5.0. The flaw arises when a group deletion operation occurs simultaneously with other pending operations on the same group or its accounts. This concurrency issue leads to data inconsistencies such as orphaned user accounts that remain linked to non-existent groups or inconsistent internal state within the authentication system. The vulnerability does not require any privileges or user interaction to be exploited, and it can be triggered remotely (AV:N). The impact is limited to integrity and availability, as no confidentiality breach is reported. The race condition can cause disruption in authentication workflows, potentially locking users out or causing administrative confusion. No patches or known exploits are currently available, but the vulnerability is publicly disclosed and assigned a CVSS v3.1 score of 6.5, indicating a medium severity. The root cause is insufficient synchronization and transactional controls during group deletion, a critical operation in multi-user authentication systems. Organizations using 2FAuth v5.5.0 should be aware of this issue as it may affect user management reliability and system stability.

For European organizations, the primary impact of CVE-2025-45731 is operational disruption due to data inconsistencies and orphaned accounts in authentication systems. This can lead to denial of access for legitimate users or increased administrative burden to manually reconcile account states. Critical sectors relying on 2FAuth for secure multi-factor authentication, such as finance, healthcare, and government, may experience degraded service availability or integrity issues in identity management. While confidentiality is not directly compromised, the integrity and availability impacts can indirectly affect business continuity and compliance with regulations like GDPR, which require accurate user data management. The lack of authentication requirements for exploitation increases the risk profile, as attackers or automated processes could trigger the race condition remotely. Although no active exploits are known, the vulnerability could be leveraged in targeted attacks to disrupt authentication services or complicate incident response efforts.

To mitigate CVE-2025-45731, organizations should implement strict concurrency controls around group deletion operations in 2FAuth. This includes applying transactional mechanisms to ensure atomicity and consistency when modifying group and account data. Until an official patch is released, administrators should avoid performing group deletions during peak operational periods or when other critical account operations are pending. Monitoring and logging of group management activities can help detect anomalies indicative of race conditions. Additionally, organizations should review and harden their deployment configurations to limit remote access to 2FAuth management interfaces, reducing the attack surface. Engaging with the 2FAuth vendor for timely updates and patches is essential. Finally, conducting internal audits of user and group data integrity can help identify and remediate orphaned accounts proactively.