CVE-2021-21049 is an out-of-bounds read vulnerability (CWE-125) affecting Adobe Photoshop versions 21.2.4 and earlier, as well as 22.1.1 and earlier. This vulnerability arises when Photoshop parses a specially crafted file, leading to an out-of-bounds read condition. Such a memory safety issue can be exploited by an unauthenticated attacker to achieve arbitrary code execution within the context of the current user. However, exploitation requires user interaction, specifically that the victim opens a maliciously crafted file in Photoshop. The vulnerability does not require prior authentication, making it accessible to remote attackers who can trick users into opening malicious files. Despite the potential for arbitrary code execution, no known exploits have been reported in the wild to date. The vulnerability impacts confidentiality, integrity, and availability by enabling code execution that could lead to data theft, system compromise, or denial of service. The affected versions span multiple releases, indicating a broad user base at risk until patched. Adobe has not provided direct patch links in the provided data, but users are advised to update to versions beyond those listed. The vulnerability was reserved in December 2020 and publicly disclosed in February 2021, with enrichment from CISA, highlighting its recognized security importance.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2021-21049 can be significant, especially for those heavily reliant on Adobe Photoshop for digital content creation, marketing, media, and design. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized code execution, potentially allowing attackers to steal sensitive intellectual property, disrupt workflows, or establish footholds within corporate networks. Given that Photoshop is widely used in creative industries and marketing departments across Europe, the risk extends to both private sector companies and public institutions involved in media production. The requirement for user interaction (opening a malicious file) means phishing or social engineering campaigns could be vectors for attack, increasing the risk in environments with less stringent user awareness training. Additionally, compromised systems could be leveraged as entry points for broader network intrusions or ransomware attacks, amplifying the threat. The absence of known exploits in the wild reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the potential for future attacks, especially as threat actors often develop exploits post-disclosure. Organizations with high-value digital assets or regulatory obligations around data protection (e.g., GDPR) face increased reputational and compliance risks if exploited.

To mitigate CVE-2021-21049 effectively, European organizations should: 1) Prioritize updating Adobe Photoshop to the latest available versions beyond 21.2.4 and 22.1.1, ensuring all security patches are applied promptly. 2) Implement strict email and file filtering to detect and block potentially malicious Photoshop files, especially from untrusted sources. 3) Enhance user awareness training focused on recognizing phishing attempts and the risks of opening unsolicited or suspicious files, particularly those related to creative software. 4) Employ application whitelisting and sandboxing techniques to restrict Photoshop's ability to execute arbitrary code or interact with critical system components. 5) Monitor endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions for unusual behaviors linked to Photoshop processes, such as unexpected network connections or file modifications. 6) Enforce the principle of least privilege for users running Photoshop, limiting the potential damage from code execution within user context. 7) Maintain regular backups of critical data to enable recovery in case of compromise. These measures go beyond generic patching by addressing the attack vectors and operational practices that could facilitate exploitation.