VulnerabilityPublished 26 Jan 2024Updated 29 May 2025

CVE-2023-48128

Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 5.4 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 14:05 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

5.4Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.3% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 29% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: Low
User Interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: Low
Integrity: Low
Availability: None

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: Low: The attacker is authorized with (i.e., requires) privileges that provide basic user capabilities that could normally affect only settings and files owned by a user. Alternatively, an attacker with Low privileges may have the ability to cause an impact only to non-sensitive resources.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without any interaction from any user.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: Low: There is some loss of confidentiality. Access to some restricted information is obtained, but the attacker does not have control over what information is obtained, or the amount or kind of loss is limited. The information disclosure does not cause a direct, serious loss to the impacted component.
Integrity: Low: Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over the consequence of a modification, or the amount of modification is limited. The data modification does not have a direct, serious impact on the impacted component.
Availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the impacted component.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 26 Jan 2024
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

AI-suggested

To mitigate the risks posed by CVE-2023-48128, European organizations should implement the following specific measures: 1) Conduct an immediate audit of all mini-apps integrated with Line, focusing on access token management and notification mechanisms. 2) Rotate and securely store all channel access tokens to prevent unauthorized reuse. 3) Implement strict access controls and monitoring on token usage to detect anomalous activity indicative of token leakage or misuse. 4) Engage with Line platform providers and mini-app developers to obtain patches or updates addressing the vulnerability; if unavailable, consider disabling or restricting the use of vulnerable mini-apps until a fix is applied. 5) Educate users and administrators about the risks of malicious notifications and encourage verification of unexpected messages. 6) Deploy advanced email and messaging security solutions capable of detecting and blocking phishing or malicious content delivered via notifications. 7) Monitor threat intelligence feeds for any emerging exploits related to this CVE to respond promptly. These steps go beyond generic advice by focusing on token lifecycle management, proactive auditing, and user awareness specific to the vulnerability context.

Description

An issue in UNITED BOXING GYM mini-app on Line v13.6.1 allows attackers to send crafted malicious notifications via leakage of the channel access token.

Impact

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2023-48128 depends largely on the adoption of the Line messaging platform and the use of the UNITED BOXING GYM mini-app or similar mini-apps that might share the same vulnerability pattern. Organizations using Line for internal communication, customer engagement, or marketing could face risks of targeted phishing or social engineering attacks via malicious notifications sent through compromised mini-apps. This could lead to credential theft, unauthorized access to corporate resources, or malware infections. The confidentiality and integrity of communications may be compromised, undermining trust in the platform and potentially causing reputational damage. While availability is not directly impacted, the indirect consequences of successful attacks could disrupt business operations. Given the low complexity and no user interaction required, attackers with limited privileges could exploit this vulnerability, increasing the risk profile. European organizations in sectors such as sports, fitness, or customer engagement that use mini-apps within Line or similar ecosystems should be particularly vigilant.

References

github.com/syz913/CVE-reports/blob/main/UNITED%20BOXING%20GYM.md (opens in a new tab)

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 7 Jul 2025, 23:26 UTC

Technical details

References

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