CVE-2025-15178 is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the Tenda WH450 router firmware version 1.0.0.18. The flaw exists in the HTTP request handler component, specifically in the processing of the /goform/VirtualSer endpoint. The vulnerability is triggered by manipulating the 'page' argument, which is improperly validated or sanitized, leading to a stack overflow condition. This overflow can corrupt the stack memory, potentially allowing an attacker to execute arbitrary code remotely or cause a denial of service by crashing the device. The vulnerability is exploitable over the network without requiring user interaction or prior authentication, making it highly accessible to attackers. The CVSS 4.0 vector indicates network attack vector (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:H but likely a typo or misinterpretation since PR:H means high privileges required, however the description states remote exploit without authentication), no user interaction (UI:N), and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability (VC:H, VI:H, VA:H). Although no confirmed exploits are currently active in the wild, a public proof-of-concept exploit exists, increasing the risk of exploitation. The vulnerability affects only version 1.0.0.18 of the Tenda WH450, a consumer and small office/home office (SOHO) router model. Given the critical role of routers in network infrastructure, successful exploitation could lead to network compromise, interception of sensitive data, or disruption of network services.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk especially for those deploying Tenda WH450 routers in their network infrastructure. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized remote code execution, allowing attackers to take control of the router, intercept or manipulate network traffic, and pivot to internal networks. This could compromise confidentiality of sensitive communications, integrity of data flows, and availability of network services. Critical sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and telecommunications could face operational disruptions or data breaches. The remote and unauthenticated nature of the exploit increases the attack surface, particularly for organizations with exposed management interfaces or insufficient network segmentation. The lack of a patch at the time of disclosure further exacerbates the risk, necessitating immediate mitigation efforts. Additionally, the presence of a public exploit increases the likelihood of opportunistic attacks targeting vulnerable devices in Europe.

1. Immediately isolate Tenda WH450 devices running firmware version 1.0.0.18 from untrusted networks, especially the internet, by disabling remote management interfaces or restricting access via firewall rules. 2. Monitor network traffic for unusual activity targeting the /goform/VirtualSer endpoint or anomalous HTTP requests that could indicate exploitation attempts. 3. Implement network segmentation to limit the exposure of vulnerable routers and restrict lateral movement in case of compromise. 4. Contact Tenda support or check official channels regularly for firmware updates or patches addressing CVE-2025-15178 and apply them promptly once available. 5. If patching is delayed, consider replacing vulnerable devices with alternative routers from vendors with timely security support. 6. Employ intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or heuristics capable of detecting exploitation attempts targeting this vulnerability. 7. Educate IT staff about this vulnerability to ensure rapid response and incident handling if exploitation is suspected. 8. Conduct regular vulnerability scans and penetration tests focusing on router firmware versions and exposed management interfaces to identify and remediate similar risks.