CVE-2025-52081 is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the HTTPD service of the Netgear XR300 router, specifically in firmware version V1.0.3.38_10.3.30. The vulnerability is triggered via the usb_device.cgi endpoint when processing POST requests containing the usb_folder parameter. A stack-based buffer overflow occurs when the input data exceeds the allocated buffer size on the stack, potentially allowing an attacker to overwrite adjacent memory. This can lead to arbitrary code execution, denial of service, or system instability. The vulnerability does not require authentication or user interaction and can be exploited remotely over the network, as indicated by the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N). The CVSS base score is 6.5, categorizing it as a medium severity issue with limited impact on confidentiality and integrity, and no impact on availability. The weakness is classified under CWE-121, which relates to improper handling of buffer boundaries in stack memory. No known exploits are currently reported in the wild, and no official patches have been linked yet. The vulnerability affects the HTTPD service, which is critical for router management and configuration, making exploitation potentially impactful for network security and device control.

For European organizations, the exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized access or control over affected Netgear XR300 routers. This could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of network traffic passing through these devices, potentially exposing sensitive corporate data or enabling lateral movement within internal networks. Although the vulnerability does not directly impact availability, successful exploitation could destabilize the router, causing network disruptions. Organizations relying on Netgear XR300 routers for critical network infrastructure, especially in small to medium-sized enterprises or branch offices, may face increased risk. The lack of authentication requirement and remote exploitability heighten the threat, as attackers can target exposed devices without prior access. Given the widespread use of Netgear products in Europe, particularly in home offices and small businesses, the vulnerability could be leveraged in targeted attacks or broader campaigns aiming to compromise network perimeter devices.

Immediate mitigation steps include isolating affected Netgear XR300 routers from untrusted networks and disabling remote management interfaces if enabled. Network administrators should monitor network traffic for suspicious POST requests targeting the usb_device.cgi endpoint. Employing network-level filtering or web application firewalls (WAFs) to block or inspect such requests can reduce exposure. Since no official patches are currently available, organizations should engage with Netgear support to obtain firmware updates or advisories. As a longer-term measure, consider replacing vulnerable devices with models that have received security updates or have a stronger security posture. Additionally, implementing network segmentation to limit access to management interfaces and enforcing strict access controls can reduce the attack surface. Regular vulnerability scanning and penetration testing focused on network devices will help detect exploitation attempts and improve overall security hygiene.