VulnerabilityPublished 2 Dec 2025

CVE-2025-65881: CVE-2025-65881 · Cross-site Scripting

Affects CVE-2025-65881Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 6.1 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 17:16 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

6.1Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.2% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 14% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Scope: Changed
Confidentiality: Low
Integrity: Low
Availability: None

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: Required: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires a user to take some action before the vulnerability can be exploited.
Scope: Changed: An exploited vulnerability can affect resources beyond the security scope managed by the security authority of the vulnerable component. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are different and managed by different security authorities.
Confidentiality: Low: There is some loss of confidentiality. Access to some restricted information is obtained, but the attacker does not have control over what information is obtained, or the amount or kind of loss is limited. The information disclosure does not cause a direct, serious loss to the impacted component.
Integrity: Low: Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over the consequence of a modification, or the amount of modification is limited. The data modification does not have a direct, serious impact on the impacted component.
Availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the impacted component.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 2 Dec 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
GitHubmmakingdom/CVE-2025-65881`pkg:github/mmakingdom/CVE-2025-65881`Other threats	Affected =1.0	Fixed in–

Check your own hosts for these packages with threat-finder (opens in a new tab), our free open-source scanner.

AI-suggested

To mitigate this vulnerability, organizations should implement strict input validation and output encoding in the /classes/Login.php file to neutralize any malicious scripts before rendering user input in the browser. Employ Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to restrict the execution of unauthorized scripts and reduce the impact of potential XSS attacks. Regularly update and patch the Zoo Management System once official fixes are released by the vendor. In the absence of official patches, apply custom code reviews and sanitization libraries to the affected components. Educate users about the risks of clicking unknown links or submitting untrusted input, as user interaction is required for exploitation. Monitor web application logs for unusual input patterns or repeated attempts to inject scripts. Additionally, consider deploying Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) with rules tailored to detect and block XSS payloads targeting the login functionality. Conduct periodic security assessments and penetration testing to identify and remediate similar vulnerabilities proactively.

Description

CVE-2025-65881 is a medium severity Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability found in Sourcecodester Zoo Management System v1.0, specifically in the /classes/Login.php file. The vulnerability allows remote attackers to inject malicious scripts due to improper input sanitization, requiring user interaction to exploit. It has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 6.1, indicating moderate impact on confidentiality and integrity but no impact on availability. No known exploits are currently reported in the wild, and no patches have been published yet. European organizations using this software, particularly in countries with significant adoption of Sourcecodester products or in sectors managing zoological or animal-related data, could be at risk. Mitigation involves implementing proper input validation and output encoding in the affected login module, along with monitoring for suspicious activities.

Impact

For European organizations, the impact of this XSS vulnerability depends on the extent to which Sourcecodester Zoo Management System v1.0 is deployed. Organizations managing zoological parks, animal research centers, or related administrative systems could face risks of data leakage, session hijacking, or unauthorized actions performed on behalf of legitimate users. Confidentiality of user credentials or sensitive operational data could be compromised, leading to reputational damage or operational disruptions. Although availability is not directly affected, the integrity and confidentiality impacts could facilitate further attacks or unauthorized access. The requirement for user interaction limits automated exploitation but does not eliminate risk, especially if attackers use social engineering to trick users into triggering the vulnerability. Given the medium severity, the threat is moderate but should not be ignored, especially in sectors where data integrity and confidentiality are critical.

Summary

CVE-2025-65881 identifies a Cross Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Sourcecodester Zoo Management System version 1.0, located in the /classes/Login.php script. XSS vulnerabilities arise when an application fails to properly sanitize user-supplied input, allowing attackers to inject malicious scripts that execute in the context of other users' browsers. This particular flaw is classified under CWE-79, indicating improper neutralization of input during web page generation. The vulnerability is remotely exploitable over the network without requiring authentication (AV:N/PR:N), but it requires user interaction (UI:R), such as clicking a crafted link or submitting a malicious form. The scope is changed (S:C), meaning the vulnerability can affect resources beyond the vulnerable component, potentially impacting the confidentiality and integrity of user data. The CVSS score of 6.1 reflects a medium severity level, with partial loss of confidentiality and integrity but no impact on availability. No patches or known exploits have been reported at the time of publication, which suggests the vulnerability is newly disclosed. The affected software is niche, used primarily for managing zoo-related data, which may limit the attack surface but still poses risks to organizations relying on this system for operational management. Attackers could leverage this vulnerability to steal session cookies, perform phishing, or execute arbitrary scripts to manipulate user sessions or data.

CWE-79Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting') (opens in a new tab)
Base weaknessLikelihood of exploit: HighCWE Top 25 (2025): #1OWASP Top 10 A05:2025: Injection (opens in a new tab)
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
Architecture and Design · Libraries or Frameworks
Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
Implementation · Architecture and Design
Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages.
Architecture and Design · Implementation · Attack Surface Reduction
Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide…
OWASP Cheat Sheets
Cross Site Scripting Prevention (opens in a new tab)
DOM based XSS Prevention (opens in a new tab)
Injection Prevention (opens in a new tab)
Abuse Case (opens in a new tab)
Deserialization (opens in a new tab)
OWASP ASVS 4.0.3
V5.3.3 (opens in a new tab)
V1.5.1 (opens in a new tab)
Attack patterns
XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch (opens in a new tab)
DOM-Based XSS (opens in a new tab)
Reflected XSS (opens in a new tab)
Stored XSS (opens in a new tab)
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) (opens in a new tab)
From MITRE CWE, MITRE CAPEC and OWASP (Top 10, OpenCRE).

References

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 9 Dec 2025, 19:11 UTC

WeaknessesCWE-79

Technical details

References

Community reviews

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