CVE-2026-119283VulnerabilityPublished 31 Oct 2026

safety · joserfc: Unbounded JWE General JSON `recipients` Array Leads to CPU Exhaustion (DoS) via Repeated RSA Private-Key

Affects safetySource GCVE Database

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Authoritative record:CVE-2026-119283· High 7.5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 7.5 High : upgrade to 3.8.1_3 soon.

Data as of 31 Oct 2026, 17:07 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

7.5High

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

Thin evidence

One scorer or none

CVSS scores by source
CNA (GitHub_M)	CVSS 3.1	7.5

Patch: Available – fixed in 3.8.1_3

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: None
Integrity: None
Availability: High

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without any interaction from any user.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the impacted component.
Integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the impacted component.
Availability: High: There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable).

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 29 Oct 2026
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponized: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 30 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponized: A Metasploit exploit module or Exploit-DB entry exists (Metasploit scanner modules do not count), or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Upgrade safety to 3.8.1_3.

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
Homebrewsafety`pkg:brew/safety`Other threats	Affected >=3.7.0_11 <3.8.1_3	Fixed in 3.8.1_3

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AI-suggested

A fixed version of joserfc is available in 3.8.1_3. Users should upgrade to version 3.8.1_3 or later to mitigate this vulnerability. The library's verify_all_recipients option does not mitigate the CPU exhaustion risk and should not be relied upon. No other effective mitigations are documented. Applying the official patch is the recommended remediation.

Description

The joserfc library's decrypt_json() function for JWE General JSON Serialization accepts an unbounded recipients array, causing it to perform a costly RSA private-key decryption operation for each recipient without limit. This allows an unauthenticated attacker to craft a single JWE JSON input with many recipients, forcing the server to perform excessive CPU-intensive RSA decryptions, resulting in a denial of service via CPU exhaustion. The library caps other JWE structural elements but does not limit the number of recipients. The documented mitigation option verify_all_recipients=false does not reduce CPU usage because all recipients are decrypted before this flag is checked. This vulnerability is tracked as CVE-2026-119283 with a CVSS 3.1 score of 7.5 (High).

Impact

An unauthenticated attacker can cause a denial of service by sending a single JWE General JSON document with a large recipients array to any endpoint using joserfc's decrypt_json() with RSA keys. Each recipient triggers a costly RSA private-key decryption operation, causing CPU exhaustion proportional to the number of recipients. This can degrade or disrupt service availability. There is no impact on confidentiality or integrity reported. The vulnerability has a CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.5 (High) reflecting the high availability impact.

Summary

The joserfc library version >=3.7.0_11 and <3.8.1_3 contains a denial of service vulnerability in its decrypt_json() API for JWE General JSON Serialization. The function accepts an attacker-controlled recipients array of unlimited length and performs one RSA private-key decryption operation per recipient without any upper bound check. This leads to uncontrolled CPU resource consumption (CWE-400) because the server decrypts every recipient's encrypted key regardless of the verify_all_recipients flag setting. The vulnerability allows an unauthenticated network attacker to send a single JWE JSON document with a large recipients array, causing CPU exhaustion on the victim system. The issue was confirmed by source code inspection and runtime testing. The vulnerability is fixed in version 3.8.1_3.

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Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 31 Oct 2026, 17:07 UTC

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