In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: erofs: add GFP_NOIO in the bio completion if needed The bio completion path in the process context (e.g. dm-verity) will directly call into decompression rather than trigger another workqueue context for minimal scheduling latencies, which can then call vm_map_ram() with GFP_KERNEL. Due to insufficient memory, vm_map_ram() may generate memory swapping I/O, which can cause submit_bio_wait to deadlock in some scenarios. Trimmed down the call stack, as follows: f2fs_submit_read_io submit_bio //bio_list is initialized. mmc_blk_mq_recovery z_erofs_endio vm_map_ram __pte_alloc_kernel __alloc_pages_direct_reclaim shrink_folio_list __swap_writepage submit_bio_wait //bio_list is non-NULL, hang!!! Use memalloc_noio_{save,restore}() to wrap up this path.