### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing large XMP metadata, possibly with lots of unnecessary elements.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.12.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.12.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3796](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3796).
Volcano is a Kubernetes-native batch scheduling system. Prior to v1.14.2, v1.13.3, and v1.12.4, the Volcano webhook server does not enforce a size limit on incoming HTTP request bodies. Any in-cluster pod that can reach the webhook endpoint may send an arbitrarily large request body, potentially causing the webhook server to be killed by OOM. All Volcano deployments with the webhook server exposed to in-cluster traffic are affected. This vulnerability is fixed in v1.14.2, v1.13.3, and v1.12.4.
IBM Db2 11.5.0 through 11.5.9, and 12.1.0 through 12.1.4 is vulnerable to a denial of service when a specially crafted query is run with range partitioned tables.
IBM Db2 11.5.0 through 11.5.9, and 12.1.0 through 12.1.4 is vulnerable to a denial of service with a specially crafted query when autonomous transactions are enabled.
An Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in the OPC-UA Server used in PPT30
Operating System versions before 1.8.0 may be used by an unauthenticated network-based attacker to
permanently prevent legitimate users from interacting with the service.
A local binary for building customized OS artifacts such as VM images and OSTree commits. Uses osbuild under the hood.
Security Fix(es):
* crypto/x509: golang: Go crypto/x509: Denial of Service via inefficient certificate chain validation (CVE-2026-32281)
* crypto/x509: crypto/tls: golang: Go: Denial of Service vulnerability in certificate chain building (CVE-2026-32280)
* net/mail: golang: net/mail: Denial of Service via pathological email address parsing (CVE-2026-42499)
* net/mail: golang: Go net/mail: Denial of Service via crafted email inputs (CVE-2026-39820)
* net: golang: Go net package: Denial of Service via long CNAME response in LookupCNAME (CVE-2026-33811)
* golang.org/x/net/idna: golang: net/http: golang.org/x/net/idna: Privilege escalation via incorrect Punycode label processing (CVE-2026-39821)
* mime: golang: Golang MIME: Denial of Service via maliciously-crafted MIME header (CVE-2026-42504)
* encoding/asn1: golang: Go encoding/asn1: Denial of Service via excessive recursion in Unmarshal (CVE-2026-33818)
* net/url: golang: golang net/url: Denial of Service from quadratic complexity in path resolution (CVE-2026-56860)
* net/http: golang: Go net/http: Unencrypted HTTP/2 connections vulnerable to Denial of Service (CVE-2026-56853)
* html/template: golang: Go html/template: Cross-Site Scripting via pathological input (CVE-2026-56858)
* crypto/tls: golang: Golang crypto/tls: Denial of Service via indefinite KeyUpdate messages (CVE-2026-56862)
* encoding/xml: golang: Go: Denial of Service via XML decoding recursion depth issue (CVE-2026-56859)
For more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in benoitc hackney allows Flooding. The URL parser in src/hackney_url.erl converts every unrecognized URL scheme to a permanent BEAM atom via binary_to_atom/2. BEAM atoms are never garbage-collected and the atom table defaults to a hard limit of 1,048,576 entries. An attacker who can supply URLs with attacker-chosen scheme prefixes — directly as request targets, as configured webhook URLs, or via Location headers followed during redirects — can exhaust the atom table and crash the entire BEAM VM with system_limit.
This issue affects hackney: from 2.0.0 before 4.0.1.
Werkzeug is a Web Server Gateway Interface web application library. Applications using `werkzeug.formparser.MultiPartParser` corresponding to a version of Werkzeug prior to 3.0.6 to parse `multipart/form-data` requests (e.g.all flask applications) are vulnerable to a relatively simple but effective resource exhaustion (denial of service) attack. A specifically crafted form submission request can cause the parser to allocate and block 3 to 8 times the upload size in main memory. There is no upper limit; a single upload at 1 Gbit/s can exhaust 32 GB of RAM in less than 60 seconds. Werkzeug version 3.0.6 fixes this issue.
Allocation of resources without limits or throttling vulnerability in Progress Software MOVEit Automation allows Excessive Allocation.
This issue affects MOVEit Automation: before 2025.0.11, from 2025.1.0 before 2025.1.7.
Allocation of resources without limits or throttling vulnerability in Progress Software MOVEit Automation allows Flooding.
This issue affects MOVEit Automation: before 2025.0.11, from 2025.1.0 before 2025.1.7.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in phenixdigital phoenix_storybook allows unauthenticated denial-of-service via BEAM atom table exhaustion.
Multiple LiveView event handlers convert user-supplied event parameter strings to atoms using String.to_atom/1 without validation: 'Elixir.PhoenixStorybook.ExtraAssignsHelpers':handle_set_variation_assign/3 interns every key of the psb-assign params map; 'Elixir.PhoenixStorybook.ExtraAssignsHelpers':handle_toggle_variation_assign/3 interns the "attr" value from psb-toggle events; 'Elixir.PhoenixStorybook.ExtraAssignsHelpers':to_variation_id/2 interns elements of "variation_id"; and 'Elixir.PhoenixStorybook.ExtraAssignsHelpers':to_value/4 interns raw string values for attributes declared as :atom or :boolean. BEAM atoms are never garbage-collected, so each unique attacker-controlled string is a permanent allocation. Once the atom table ceiling (~1,048,576 atoms) is reached, the entire BEAM node aborts, taking down all applications running on it.
This issue affects phoenix_storybook from 0.2.0 before 1.1.0.
NLnet Labs Unbound up to and including version 1.25.0 is vulnerable to a degradation of service attack related to parsing long lists of incoming EDNS options. An adversary sending queries with too many EDNS options can hold Unbound threads hostage while they are parsing and creating internal data structures for the options. Coordinated attacks can result in degradation and/or denial of service. Unbound 1.25.1 contains a patch with a fix to limit acceptable incoming EDNS options (100).
Joplin is an open source note-taking and to-do application that organises notes and lists into notebooks. Versions 3.6.14 and prior contain a Denial of Service (DoS) vulnerability in the title input functionality due to a lack of proper length validation. This flaw allows an attacker to cause an Out Of Memory (OOM) error and subsequent program termination by inserting an excessively long string into a note's title. This can be triggered either through direct user interface (UI) input or programmatically via the local web service API after compromising an authentication token. There are 2 primary methods of exploitation: via User Interface (UI) Input, and the Local Web Service API. A local user can directly type or paste an extremely long string into the title field when creating or editing a note Joplin runs a local web service (typically on port 41184) that allows programmatic interaction, such as creating or editing notes via HTTP API calls. If an attacker manages to exfiltrate or compromise the user's authentication token (e.g., through malware on the local system, or other local vulnerabilities), they can then send a crafted HTTP POST request to this local API. By including an excessively long string in the title parameter of this request, the application will attempt to allocate an unbounded amount of memory. This issue has been patched in version 3.7.1.
Technitium DNS Server aggressively tries to fetch missing RRSIG records or mismatched DNSKEY records. An attacker in control of a domain can cause a vulnerable system to generate excessive network traffic. Fixed in 15.0.
AutoGPT versions 0.4.2 through 0.6.51 contain a vulnerability where the download_agent_file endpoint creates temporary files that are not deleted after use. This allows an unauthenticated attacker to repeatedly invoke this endpoint, causing uncontrolled disk space consumption. The resulting exhaustion of disk space can lead to failures in the database or other system services, causing a denial of service that renders the AutoGPT backend unavailable. The issue is fixed in version 0.6.52.
Wasmtime is a runtime for WebAssembly. From 30.0.0 to 36.0.8, 43.0.2, and 44.0.1, Wasmtime's allocation logic for a WebAssembly table contained checked arithmetic which panicked on overflow. This overflow is possible to trigger, and thus panic, when a table with an extremely large size is allocated. This is possible with the WebAssembly memory64 proposal where tables can have sizes in the 64-bit range as opposed to the previous 32-bit range which would not overflow. The panic happens when attempting to create a very large table, such as when instantiating a WebAssembly module or component. This vulnerability is fixed in 36.0.8, 43.0.2, and 44.0.1.
Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling vulnerability in plug_project plug allows denial of service via unbounded buffer accumulation in multipart header parsing.
'Elixir.Plug.Conn':read_part_headers/2 in lib/plug/conn.ex does not obey its :length parameter. There is no upper bound on the size of the accumulated buffer. By contrast, the sibling function read_part_body has an explicit byte_size(acc) > length guard that stops accumulation once a limit is reached. No such guard exists in read_part_headers. An unauthenticated remote attacker can exhaust server memory by sending a crafted multipart/form-data request, causing a denial of service.
This issue affects plug from 1.4.0 before 1.15.4, 1.16.3, 1.17.1, 1.18.2, and 1.19.2.
Python-Multipart is a streaming multipart parser for Python. Prior to 0.0.27, python-multipart has a denial of service vulnerability in multipart part header parsing. When parsing multipart/form-data, MultipartParser previously had no limit on the number of part headers or the size of an individual part header. An attacker could send a request with either many repeated headers without terminating the header block or a single very large header value, causing excessive CPU work before request rejection or completion. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.0.27.
A request to the Grafana plugin resources endpoint can cause unbounded memory allocation by reading the entire request body into memory. An authenticated user can exploit this to trigger an out-of-memory condition, potentially causing a denial of service.
The Grafana Live push endpoint can be exploited to cause unbounded memory allocation by sending a large or streaming request body, potentially leading to out-of-memory conditions. An authenticated user with access to the Grafana Live API can trigger this issue.