CVE-2023-34365VulnerabilityPublished 11 Oct 2023Updated 4 Nov 2025

CVE-2023-34365: Yifan YF325 · Stack-based Buffer Overflow

Affects Yifan YF325Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 9.8 Critical.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 06:26 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

9.8Critical

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.9% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 59% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: High
Integrity: High
Availability: High

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without any interaction from any user.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: High: There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact.
Integrity: High: There is a total loss of integrity, or a complete loss of protection. For example, the attacker is able to modify any/all files protected by the impacted component. Alternatively, only some files can be modified, but malicious modification would present a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component.
Availability: High: There is total loss of availability, resulting in the attacker being able to fully deny access to resources in the impacted component; this loss is either sustained (while the attacker continues to deliver the attack) or persistent (the condition persists even after the attack has completed). Alternatively, the attacker has the ability to deny some availability, but the loss of availability presents a direct, serious consequence to the impacted component (e.g., the attacker cannot disrupt existing connections, but can prevent new connections; the attacker can repeatedly exploit a vulnerability that, in each instance of a successful attack, leaks a only small amount of memory, but after repeated exploitation causes a service to become completely unavailable).

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 11 Oct 2023
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 2026-10-26.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

AI-suggested

Since no patches are currently available, European organizations should implement the following specific mitigations: 1) Isolate Yifan YF325 devices on segmented network zones with strict access controls to limit exposure to untrusted networks. 2) Deploy network intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS) configured to detect anomalous or malformed packets targeting the nvram_restore functionality or unusual traffic patterns to these devices. 3) Apply strict firewall rules to restrict inbound traffic to only trusted sources and necessary protocols. 4) Monitor device logs and network traffic for signs of exploitation attempts or unusual behavior. 5) Engage with the vendor to obtain updates or patches and plan for timely deployment once available. 6) Conduct an inventory and risk assessment to identify all affected devices and prioritize their protection or replacement. 7) Consider implementing network-level rate limiting and anomaly detection to reduce the risk of exploitation. 8) Educate operational technology (OT) and IT teams about the vulnerability and response procedures. These targeted measures go beyond generic advice by focusing on network segmentation, monitoring, and vendor engagement specific to the Yifan YF325 environment.

Description

A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the libutils.so nvram_restore functionality of Yifan YF325 v1.0_20221108. A specially crafted network request can lead to a buffer overflow. An attacker can send a network request to trigger this vulnerability.

Impact

For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to severe consequences including unauthorized access, data theft, device manipulation, or complete denial of service. Given the device’s embedded nature, it may be part of critical infrastructure, industrial control systems, or IoT deployments, where compromise could disrupt operations or safety systems. The ability to exploit remotely without authentication increases the attack surface significantly. Organizations relying on Yifan YF325 devices in sectors such as manufacturing, utilities, transportation, or telecommunications could face operational disruptions and data breaches. The impact extends beyond individual devices, as compromised devices could be leveraged as footholds for lateral movement or as part of botnets. The absence of known exploits currently provides a window for proactive defense, but the critical severity demands immediate attention to prevent potential exploitation. The reputational and regulatory consequences for European entities could be substantial, especially under GDPR and other data protection frameworks if personal or sensitive data is exposed.

CWE-121Stack-based Buffer Overflow (opens in a new tab)
Variant weaknessLikelihood of exploit: HighCWE Top 25 (2025): #14
A stack-based buffer overflow condition is a condition where the buffer being overwritten is allocated on the stack (i.e., is a local variable or, rarely, a parameter to a function).
Operation · Build and Compilation · Environment Hardening
Use automatic buffer overflow detection mechanisms that are offered by certain compilers or compiler extensions. Examples include: the Microsoft Visual Studio /GS flag, Fedora/Red Hat FORTIFY_SOURCE GCC flag, StackGuard, and ProPolice, which provide various mechanisms including canary-based detection and range/index…
Architecture and Design
Use an abstraction library to abstract away risky APIs. Not a complete solution.
Implementation
Implement and perform bounds checking on input.
OWASP Cheat Sheets
XML Security (opens in a new tab)
Mass Assignment (opens in a new tab)
OWASP ASVS 4.0.3
V13.3.1 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.4 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.3 (opens in a new tab)
From MITRE CWE, MITRE CAPEC and OWASP (Top 10, OpenCRE).

References

Community reviews

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 4 Nov 2025, 20:30 UTC

WeaknessesCWE-121

Technical details

References

Community reviews

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