CVE-2024-44280 is a vulnerability identified in Intel-based Apple macOS systems that allows an application to modify protected parts of the file system. The root cause is a downgrade issue that undermines the code-signing enforcement mechanisms designed to protect critical system files and directories. Code-signing is a security feature that ensures only trusted and verified software can modify sensitive areas of the operating system. This vulnerability effectively bypasses these protections, enabling an unprivileged and non-interactive app to alter system files, which can lead to privilege escalation or persistent compromise. The vulnerability affects unspecified versions of macOS prior to the patches released in macOS Ventura 13.7.1 and macOS Sonoma 14.7.1. The CVSS v3.1 score of 7.7 reflects a high severity due to the high impact on confidentiality and integrity, with no requirement for privileges or user interaction, though the attack vector is local. No public exploits have been reported yet, but the potential for misuse exists, especially in environments where local access is possible. The fix involves strengthening code-signing restrictions to prevent downgrade attacks that allowed this bypass.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive data on Intel-based macOS devices. Attackers who gain local access—whether through physical access, social engineering, or other malware—could exploit this flaw to modify protected system files, potentially installing persistent malware or stealing sensitive information. This could lead to data breaches, disruption of business operations, and loss of trust. Organizations with macOS-based infrastructure, especially those in sectors like finance, government, and critical infrastructure, could face regulatory and compliance repercussions if exploited. The lack of required user interaction or privileges lowers the barrier for exploitation once local access is achieved, increasing the threat level in environments where endpoint security is weak or where insider threats exist.

European organizations should immediately verify their macOS versions and prioritize upgrading Intel-based Macs to macOS Ventura 13.7.1 or macOS Sonoma 14.7.1 or later, where the vulnerability is patched. Implement strict endpoint security controls to limit local access to trusted users only and monitor for unusual file system modifications or unauthorized application behavior. Employ application whitelisting and enhanced code-signing enforcement policies to reduce the risk of untrusted apps running. Regularly audit and restrict physical access to devices, and use disk encryption and secure boot features to add layers of protection. Additionally, maintain up-to-date backups and incident response plans to quickly recover from potential compromises. Network segmentation and endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools can help detect and contain exploitation attempts.