VulnerabilityPublished 5 Oct 2025Updated 7 Oct 2025

CVE-2025-11280: Frappe LMS · Direct Request

Affects Frappe LMSSource CVE Database V5

Public exploit available · CVSS 6.3 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 10:12 UTC

CVSS 4.0 base score

6.3Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.4% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 41% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

Base metrics

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: High
Attack Requirements: None
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low
Vulnerable system integrity: None
Vulnerable system availability: None
Subsequent system confidentiality: None
Subsequent system integrity: None
Subsequent system availability: None

Threat metrics

Exploit Maturity: POC

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: High: The successful attack depends on the evasion or circumvention of security-enhancing techniques in place that would otherwise hinder the attack. These include: Evasion of exploit mitigation techniques, for example, circumvention of address space randomization (ASLR) or data execution prevention (DEP) must be performed for the attack to be successful; Obtaining target-specific secrets. The attacker must gather some target-specific secret before the attack can be successful. A secret is any piece of information that cannot be obtained through any amount of reconnaissance. To obtain the secret the attacker must perform additional attacks or break otherwise secure measures (e.g. knowledge of a secret key may be needed to break a crypto channel). This operation must be performed for each attacked target.
Attack Requirements: None: The successful attack does not depend on the deployment and execution conditions of the vulnerable system. The attacker can expect to be able to reach the vulnerability and execute the exploit under all or most instances of the vulnerability.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files of the vulnerable system to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any human user, other than the attacker.
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low: There is some loss of confidentiality. Access to some restricted information is obtained, but the attacker does not have control over what information is obtained, or the amount or kind of loss is limited. The information disclosure does not cause a direct, serious loss to the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the Subsequent System or all confidentiality impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Subsequent System or all integrity impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Subsequent System or all availability impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Exploit Maturity: POC: Based on threat intelligence sources each of the following must apply: · Proof-of-concept is publicly available · No knowledge of reported attempts to exploit this vulnerability · No knowledge of publicly available solutions used to simplify attempts to exploit the vulnerability

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v4.0 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 5 Oct 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: evidence found.
CVSS exploit maturity: proof of concept public
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), CVSS vector, the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
Frappe LMS	Affected =2.35.0	Fixed in–

AI-suggested

Upgrade Frappe LMS to the latest patched version as soon as it becomes available, verifying that the fix for CVE-2025-11280 is included.
Until patched, restrict access to the /files/ directory and Assignment Picture Handler endpoints using network-level controls such as firewalls or web application firewalls (WAF) to limit exposure to trusted IPs or internal networks.
Implement strict access control and authentication mechanisms around file handling components to prevent unauthorized direct requests.
Monitor LMS logs for unusual or repeated access attempts targeting the /files/ path or assignment picture resources.
Conduct internal security assessments and penetration tests focusing on file upload and retrieval functionalities to identify similar weaknesses.
Educate LMS administrators about the vulnerability and encourage timely patch management and security best practices.
If possible, isolate the LMS environment from public internet access or use VPNs to reduce attack surface.

Description

A flaw has been found in Frappe LMS 2.35.0. Impacted is an unknown function of the file /files/ of the component Assignment Picture Handler. This manipulation causes direct request. The attack may be initiated remotely. The attack's complexity is rated as high. The exploitability is considered difficult. The exploit has been published and may be used. It is advisable to upgrade the affected component. The vendor was informed early about a total of four security issues and confirmed that those have been fixed. However, the release notes on GitHub do not mention them.

Impact

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions and training providers using Frappe LMS 2.35.0, this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive assignment-related images or data, impacting confidentiality. While the vulnerability does not affect integrity or availability, exposure of personal or academic data could result in privacy violations, reputational damage, and potential regulatory non-compliance under GDPR. The high complexity and difficulty of exploitation reduce immediate risk, but the presence of published exploits increases the likelihood of future attacks. Organizations relying on this LMS for critical educational functions may face operational disruptions if attackers leverage this flaw to gain unauthorized access or conduct further reconnaissance. The lack of explicit vendor communication in release notes may delay patch adoption, increasing exposure time.

Summary

CVE-2025-11280 is a vulnerability identified in Frappe LMS version 2.35.0, specifically within the Assignment Picture Handler component located in the /files/ directory. The vulnerability arises from improper handling of direct requests, which allows an attacker to manipulate requests remotely without requiring authentication or user interaction. The attack vector is network-based (AV:N), with high attack complexity (AC:H), and no privileges or user interaction needed. The impact is limited to confidentiality (VC:L), with no effect on integrity or availability. The flaw could allow unauthorized access to assignment-related picture files or related resources, potentially exposing sensitive educational data or user information. The vendor was informed early about this and three other vulnerabilities, which have been fixed, but the release notes on GitHub do not explicitly mention these fixes, potentially delaying awareness. No known exploits have been observed in the wild, but proof-of-concept exploits have been published, indicating potential future exploitation. The vulnerability’s CVSS 4.0 score is 6.3, categorizing it as medium severity. Given the LMS’s role in managing educational content and user data, this vulnerability poses a moderate risk, especially in environments where sensitive student or institutional data is stored.

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 12 Oct 2025, 04:25 UTC

Technical details

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