VulnerabilityPublished 27 Oct 2025

CVE-2025-12332: SourceCodester Student Grades Management System · Cross-site Scripting

Affects SourceCodester Student Grades Management SystemSource CVE Database V5

Public exploit available · CVSS 4.8 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 14:05 UTC

CVSS 4.0 base score

4.8Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.3% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 31% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:P/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P

Base metrics

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Attack Requirements: None
Privileges Required: High
User Interaction: Passive
Vulnerable system confidentiality: None
Vulnerable system integrity: Low
Vulnerable system availability: None
Subsequent system confidentiality: None
Subsequent system integrity: None
Subsequent system availability: None

Threat metrics

Exploit Maturity: POC

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: The attacker must take no measurable action to exploit the vulnerability. The attack requires no target-specific circumvention to exploit the vulnerability. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable system.
Attack Requirements: None: The successful attack does not depend on the deployment and execution conditions of the vulnerable system. The attacker can expect to be able to reach the vulnerability and execute the exploit under all or most instances of the vulnerability.
Privileges Required: High: The attacker requires privileges that provide significant (e.g., administrative) control over the vulnerable system allowing full access to the vulnerable system’s settings and files.
User Interaction: Passive: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires limited interaction by the targeted user with the vulnerable system and the attacker’s payload. These interactions would be considered involuntary and do not require that the user actively subvert protections built into the vulnerable system.
Vulnerable system confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system integrity: Low: Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over the consequence of a modification, or the amount of modification is limited. The data modification does not have a direct, serious impact to the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the Subsequent System or all confidentiality impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Subsequent System or all integrity impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Subsequent System or all availability impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Exploit Maturity: POC: Based on threat intelligence sources each of the following must apply: · Proof-of-concept is publicly available · No knowledge of reported attempts to exploit this vulnerability · No knowledge of publicly available solutions used to simplify attempts to exploit the vulnerability

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v4.0 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 27 Oct 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: evidence found.
CVSS exploit maturity: proof of concept public
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), CVSS vector, the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
SourceCodester Student Grades Management System	Affected =1.0	Fixed in–

AI-suggested

Apply official patches or updates from SourceCodester as soon as they become available to address the vulnerability directly.
Until patches are released, implement strict input validation and output encoding on all parameters handled by the delete_user function to prevent injection of malicious scripts.
Restrict administrative access to the grades management system using network segmentation, VPNs, or IP whitelisting to reduce exposure to remote attackers.
Enforce strong authentication mechanisms for administrative accounts, including multi-factor authentication (MFA), to limit the risk of compromised credentials.
Conduct regular security awareness training for administrators to recognize and avoid phishing or social engineering attempts that could trigger the XSS attack.
Monitor web server and application logs for unusual activity or repeated attempts to exploit the delete_user function.
Employ Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to reduce the impact of potential XSS attacks by restricting the execution of unauthorized scripts.
Review and harden session management practices to prevent session fixation or hijacking in case of successful XSS exploitation.

Description

A flaw has been found in SourceCodester Student Grades Management System 1.0. This affects the function delete_user of the file /admin.php. Executing manipulation can lead to cross site scripting. The attack may be performed from remote. The exploit has been published and may be used.

Impact

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions using the SourceCodester Student Grades Management System, this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized actions performed under administrator privileges, compromising the integrity of student records and potentially exposing sensitive personal data. Attackers exploiting this XSS flaw could hijack administrator sessions, inject malicious content, or manipulate grade data, undermining trust in the system. The impact extends beyond data integrity to reputational damage and potential regulatory non-compliance under GDPR if personal data is exposed or altered. Since the vulnerability requires high privileges and user interaction, the risk is somewhat contained but remains significant in environments where administrative credentials are shared or weakly protected. The medium severity rating suggests that while the vulnerability is not critical, it still demands prompt attention to prevent escalation or lateral movement within the network. The educational sector in Europe is increasingly targeted by cyber threats, making timely mitigation essential to protect student data and institutional operations.

References

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 4 Nov 2025, 03:21 UTC

Technical details

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