CVE-2025-12595 identifies a buffer overflow vulnerability in the Tenda AC23 router firmware version 16.03.07.52, specifically in the formSetVirtualSer function of the /goform/SetVirtualServerCfg endpoint. This vulnerability arises from improper handling of input arguments, which allows an attacker to overflow a buffer remotely by sending crafted requests to the router's web management interface. The vulnerability requires no authentication or user interaction, making it highly accessible to attackers scanning for vulnerable devices. Successful exploitation can lead to arbitrary code execution, potentially allowing attackers to take full control of the router, disrupt network traffic, intercept sensitive data, or pivot into internal networks. The vulnerability has a CVSS 4.0 score of 8.7, indicating high severity, with low attack complexity and no privileges required. Although no active exploitation has been reported in the wild, a public exploit is available, increasing the likelihood of future attacks. The lack of an official patch at the time of disclosure necessitates immediate risk mitigation through network controls and monitoring. This vulnerability is particularly concerning for organizations relying on Tenda AC23 routers for critical network infrastructure, as compromise could lead to significant operational disruption and data breaches.

For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could result in severe consequences including unauthorized access to internal networks, interception or manipulation of sensitive communications, and potential disruption of business operations due to compromised network infrastructure. Given the router's role as a gateway device, attackers gaining control could launch further attacks against internal systems or use the device as a foothold for lateral movement. The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network traffic are all at risk. Organizations with remote management interfaces exposed to the internet are particularly vulnerable. Critical sectors such as finance, healthcare, and government entities in Europe could face heightened risks due to the sensitivity of their data and reliance on secure network infrastructure. The availability of a public exploit increases the urgency for European organizations to assess their exposure and implement mitigations promptly.

1. Immediately identify all Tenda AC23 routers running firmware version 16.03.07.52 within the network and isolate them if possible. 2. Monitor Tenda’s official channels for firmware updates addressing this vulnerability and apply patches as soon as they become available. 3. Restrict access to router management interfaces by implementing network segmentation and firewall rules to limit access to trusted IP addresses only. 4. Disable remote management features if not strictly necessary to reduce exposure. 5. Employ intrusion detection and prevention systems to monitor for suspicious traffic patterns targeting the /goform/SetVirtualServerCfg endpoint. 6. Conduct regular vulnerability scans to detect unpatched devices. 7. Educate network administrators about this vulnerability and the importance of timely patching and secure configuration. 8. Consider replacing affected devices with models from vendors with stronger security track records if patching is delayed or unavailable.