CVE-2025-15045 is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the Tenda WH450 router firmware version 1.0.0.18. The vulnerability resides in an unknown function within the HTTP request handler component, specifically in the /goform/Natlimit endpoint. The flaw is triggered by manipulating the 'page' argument in HTTP requests, which leads to a stack buffer overflow condition. This type of vulnerability can allow an attacker to overwrite the stack memory, potentially enabling arbitrary code execution or causing a denial of service. The vulnerability is remotely exploitable without requiring authentication or user interaction, making it highly accessible to attackers. The CVSS 4.0 vector indicates network attack vector (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability (VC:H/VI:H/VA:H). Although no exploits have been observed in the wild yet, the public availability of exploit code increases the likelihood of exploitation. The lack of patch links suggests that a firmware update or vendor advisory may not yet be available, emphasizing the need for immediate mitigation efforts. The vulnerability affects a widely used consumer and possibly small business router model, which could be deployed in various environments, including home networks, small offices, and branch locations.

The impact of CVE-2025-15045 is severe due to its potential to allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code on affected Tenda WH450 devices. Successful exploitation could lead to full compromise of the router, enabling attackers to intercept, modify, or redirect network traffic, disrupt network availability, or use the device as a foothold for further attacks within the network. This could result in data breaches, loss of network integrity, and service outages. Given the critical role routers play in network security and connectivity, exploitation could affect both individual users and organizations, including small businesses and branch offices. The vulnerability's remote and unauthenticated nature increases the risk of widespread exploitation, especially in environments where these devices are exposed to the internet without adequate network segmentation or firewall protections. The absence of patches or vendor advisories at the time of publication further exacerbates the risk, potentially leading to exploitation campaigns targeting vulnerable devices globally.

1. Immediate mitigation should include isolating affected Tenda WH450 devices from direct internet exposure by placing them behind firewalls or VPNs to restrict access to the /goform/Natlimit endpoint. 2. Network administrators should implement strict access control lists (ACLs) to limit management interface access only to trusted IP addresses. 3. Monitor network traffic for unusual or malformed HTTP requests targeting the /goform/Natlimit path to detect potential exploitation attempts. 4. Disable remote management features on the router if not required to reduce the attack surface. 5. Regularly check for firmware updates or security advisories from Tenda and apply patches promptly once available. 6. Consider replacing affected devices with models from vendors with a strong security track record if timely patches are not provided. 7. Employ network segmentation to limit the impact of a compromised router on critical internal systems. 8. Use intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or heuristics capable of detecting buffer overflow attempts against HTTP endpoints. 9. Educate users and administrators about the risks associated with outdated router firmware and the importance of timely updates.