CVE-2025-21159 is a Use After Free vulnerability (CWE-416) identified in Adobe Illustrator versions 29.1, 28.7.3, and earlier. The vulnerability arises when Illustrator improperly manages memory, freeing an object while it is still in use, leading to potential arbitrary code execution. An attacker can exploit this flaw by crafting a malicious Illustrator file that, when opened by a user, triggers the use-after-free condition. This allows the attacker to execute code within the context of the current user, potentially leading to full system compromise depending on user privileges. The vulnerability requires user interaction, as the victim must open the malicious file, and no authentication is required. The CVSS v3.1 base score of 7.8 indicates a high severity, with attack vector local (AV:L), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), user interaction required (UI:R), unchanged scope (S:U), and high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability (C:H/I:H/A:H). Although no public exploits are known at this time, the vulnerability poses a significant risk to users of affected Illustrator versions. Adobe has not yet published patches, so users should be vigilant and implement interim mitigations.

The impact of CVE-2025-21159 is substantial for organizations relying on Adobe Illustrator for design and creative workflows. Successful exploitation can lead to arbitrary code execution, allowing attackers to install malware, steal sensitive design files, or disrupt operations. Since the code runs with the current user's privileges, the extent of damage depends on user rights; administrative users face higher risk. Confidentiality is compromised as attackers may access proprietary designs and intellectual property. Integrity is at risk due to potential unauthorized modifications of files or system settings. Availability can be affected if attackers deploy destructive payloads or ransomware. The requirement for user interaction limits mass exploitation but targeted attacks against creative professionals or organizations with valuable design assets remain a serious concern. The lack of known exploits currently provides a window for proactive defense, but the vulnerability's high severity demands prompt attention.

Until Adobe releases an official patch, organizations should implement specific mitigations to reduce risk. First, restrict the opening of Illustrator files from untrusted or unknown sources through email filtering and endpoint controls. Employ application whitelisting and sandboxing to limit the impact of potential exploitation. Educate users about the risks of opening unsolicited or suspicious files, emphasizing caution with Illustrator documents. Monitor systems for unusual behavior indicative of exploitation attempts. Use endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools to identify and block suspicious processes. Maintain regular backups of critical design files to enable recovery in case of compromise. Once Adobe releases patches, prioritize immediate deployment across all affected systems. Additionally, consider isolating Illustrator usage to dedicated workstations with minimal privileges to limit potential damage.