CVE-2025-22928 is a critical SQL injection vulnerability identified in OS4ED openSIS versions 7.0 through 9.1. The vulnerability exists in the cp_id parameter within the /modules/messages/Inbox.php file. SQL injection (CWE-89) vulnerabilities allow an attacker to manipulate backend database queries by injecting malicious SQL code through unsanitized input parameters. In this case, the cp_id parameter is not properly sanitized or validated, enabling an attacker to craft specially designed requests that can alter the intended SQL commands executed by the application. Given the CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8, this vulnerability is remotely exploitable (AV:N), requires no privileges (PR:N), and no user interaction (UI:N), making it highly accessible to attackers. The impact is severe across confidentiality, integrity, and availability (C:H/I:H/A:H), meaning an attacker can potentially extract sensitive data, modify or delete records, and disrupt service availability. The vulnerability affects multiple versions of openSIS, an open-source Student Information System widely used by educational institutions to manage student data, grades, attendance, and communications. The absence of a vendor or product name in the metadata suggests the vulnerability is specific to the OS4ED fork or distribution of openSIS. No public exploits have been reported yet, but the ease of exploitation and critical impact make it a high-risk issue that demands immediate attention. The lack of available patches at the time of disclosure further increases the urgency for mitigation and monitoring.

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions using OS4ED openSIS, this vulnerability poses a significant threat. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive student and staff data, including personal identification information and academic records, violating GDPR and other data protection regulations. Integrity compromise could allow attackers to alter grades or attendance records, undermining institutional trust and operational accuracy. Availability impacts could disrupt critical administrative functions, affecting communication and record-keeping. Given the criticality and ease of exploitation, attackers could leverage this vulnerability for data theft, ransomware deployment, or as a foothold for further network intrusion. The reputational damage and regulatory penalties resulting from data breaches could be substantial. Additionally, the educational sector is often targeted by cybercriminals due to typically limited cybersecurity resources, increasing the likelihood of exploitation within Europe.

1. Immediate mitigation should include implementing web application firewalls (WAFs) with custom rules to detect and block SQL injection attempts targeting the cp_id parameter in /modules/messages/Inbox.php. 2. Conduct a thorough code review and apply input validation and parameterized queries or prepared statements to sanitize the cp_id parameter and all other user inputs interacting with the database. 3. If possible, isolate the openSIS deployment within segmented network zones to limit lateral movement in case of compromise. 4. Monitor application logs and network traffic for anomalous SQL queries or unusual access patterns related to the Inbox.php module. 5. Engage with OS4ED or openSIS community forums and vendors for official patches or updates; if unavailable, consider temporary disabling or restricting access to the vulnerable module until a fix is released. 6. Educate IT staff and administrators on the signs of SQL injection exploitation and ensure incident response plans include scenarios involving database compromise. 7. Regularly back up critical data with secure, offline copies to enable recovery in case of data integrity or availability attacks.