CVE-2025-23339 is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit, specifically within the cuobjdump utility. This vulnerability affects all versions of the CUDA Toolkit prior to version 13.0. The flaw arises when cuobjdump processes a maliciously crafted ELF (Executable and Linkable Format) file, leading to a stack-based buffer overflow. Exploitation of this vulnerability could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code with the same privileges as the user running cuobjdump. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-121, which pertains to stack-based buffer overflows, a common and dangerous class of memory corruption bugs. The CVSS v3.1 base score is 3.3, indicating a low severity level. The vector string (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N) indicates that the attack requires local access (AV:L), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), but user interaction is necessary (UI:R). The impact on confidentiality is limited, with no direct impact on integrity or availability. No known exploits are currently reported in the wild, and no patches are linked yet, but upgrading to CUDA Toolkit 13.0 or later is implied as the remediation path. This vulnerability is primarily a local threat, requiring the victim to run cuobjdump on a malicious ELF file, which may occur in development or analysis environments where cuobjdump is used to inspect CUDA binaries.

For European organizations, the impact of this vulnerability is generally limited due to its low severity and the requirement for local access and user interaction. Organizations involved in high-performance computing, scientific research, or industries utilizing GPU-accelerated computing with NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit may be at some risk, particularly if developers or analysts use cuobjdump to inspect untrusted ELF files. Successful exploitation could lead to arbitrary code execution at the user's privilege level, potentially allowing attackers to execute malicious code, steal data accessible to the user, or pivot within the local environment. However, since the vulnerability does not elevate privileges or affect system-wide integrity or availability, the broader organizational impact is constrained. Nonetheless, in sensitive environments where CUDA Toolkit is used on shared or multi-user systems, the risk of lateral movement or targeted attacks exploiting this vulnerability should be considered. The absence of known exploits in the wild reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the need for vigilance.

European organizations should implement the following specific mitigations: 1) Upgrade to NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit version 13.0 or later as soon as it becomes available, as this version addresses the vulnerability. 2) Restrict access to systems with CUDA Toolkit installed, especially limiting who can run cuobjdump and ensuring it is not executed on untrusted ELF files. 3) Implement strict file validation and scanning policies for ELF files before they are analyzed with cuobjdump to prevent processing of maliciously crafted files. 4) Employ endpoint protection solutions capable of detecting anomalous behavior related to buffer overflow exploitation attempts. 5) Educate developers and system administrators about the risks of running cuobjdump on untrusted files and enforce the principle of least privilege to minimize potential damage. 6) Monitor logs and system behavior for unusual activity related to cuobjdump usage. These measures go beyond generic advice by focusing on controlling the specific attack vector and minimizing exposure in environments where CUDA Toolkit is used.