CVE-2025-24993 is a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in Microsoft Windows 10 Version 1809, specifically affecting the NTFS file system driver. The vulnerability arises due to improper handling of heap memory during NTFS operations, which can lead to a buffer overflow condition. This flaw allows an unauthorized local attacker to execute arbitrary code on the affected system. The attacker must have local access and trigger the vulnerability through user interaction, such as opening or manipulating a specially crafted NTFS volume or file. Exploitation of this vulnerability can result in full compromise of the system, including complete control over confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the affected machine. The CVSS v3.1 base score is 7.8 (high severity), reflecting the significant impact and relatively low complexity of exploitation (low attack complexity, no privileges required, but user interaction is necessary). No known public exploits are reported in the wild yet, and no official patches have been linked at this time. The vulnerability is categorized under CWE-122, indicating a classic heap-based buffer overflow, which is a common and dangerous class of memory corruption bugs. Given the affected product is Windows 10 Version 1809 (build 10.0.17763.0), which is an older Windows 10 release, systems still running this version are at risk. The vulnerability could be leveraged by attackers to escalate privileges or execute malicious payloads locally, potentially leading to lateral movement or persistence within enterprise environments.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk, especially for those that have not upgraded from Windows 10 Version 1809. Many enterprises and public sector organizations in Europe maintain legacy systems for compatibility reasons, which could leave them exposed. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized code execution, data breaches, disruption of critical services, and potential ransomware deployment. The high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability means sensitive personal data protected under GDPR could be compromised, leading to regulatory penalties and reputational damage. Additionally, critical infrastructure operators using affected Windows versions could face operational disruptions. Since exploitation requires local access and user interaction, the threat is more pronounced in environments where endpoint security is weak or where users might be tricked into interacting with malicious content, such as via phishing or compromised removable media. The lack of known exploits in the wild currently reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the threat, as weaponization could occur rapidly after public disclosure.

European organizations should prioritize upgrading all Windows 10 systems from version 1809 to a supported and patched version of Windows 10 or Windows 11 to eliminate exposure. Until upgrades are complete, organizations should implement strict endpoint protection measures, including application whitelisting, behavior-based detection, and restricting local user privileges to minimize the risk of exploitation. User education to avoid interacting with suspicious files or removable media is critical. Network segmentation and limiting local administrative access can reduce the attack surface. Monitoring for unusual NTFS-related activity or heap corruption indicators via endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools can provide early warning. Organizations should also stay alert for official patches or security advisories from Microsoft and apply them promptly once available. Employing vulnerability management processes to identify and remediate legacy systems is essential. Finally, enforcing multi-factor authentication and robust access controls can help mitigate the impact if exploitation attempts occur.