CVE-2025-28993 is a high-severity vulnerability classified under CWE-94, which pertains to improper control of code generation, commonly known as code injection. This vulnerability affects the 'Content No Cache' product from the Jose project, specifically versions up to 0.1.3. The flaw allows an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary code remotely without requiring authentication or user interaction. The CVSS 3.1 base score of 8.6 reflects the critical nature of this vulnerability, with an attack vector of network (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), and no user interaction (UI:N). The scope is changed (S:C), indicating that exploitation can affect resources beyond the initially vulnerable component. The impact is high on confidentiality (C:H) but does not affect integrity (I:N) or availability (A:N). This suggests that an attacker could potentially exfiltrate sensitive information or execute code that compromises confidentiality without necessarily altering data or causing denial of service. The vulnerability arises from improper sanitization or validation of inputs that are used in code generation processes within the Content No Cache component, allowing malicious payloads to be executed. No patches or known exploits in the wild have been reported as of the publication date (June 27, 2025), but the severity and ease of exploitation make it a significant threat. Given the nature of the vulnerability, it could be leveraged to gain unauthorized access to sensitive data or to establish a foothold within affected systems.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk, especially for those using the Content No Cache component in their web infrastructure or content delivery systems. The ability to execute code remotely without authentication means attackers could compromise confidential data, potentially violating GDPR and other data protection regulations. This could lead to legal penalties, reputational damage, and financial losses. The confidentiality breach could expose customer data, intellectual property, or internal communications. Since the vulnerability does not impact integrity or availability directly, the immediate risk of service disruption is lower; however, attackers could use the foothold to pivot to other parts of the network, escalating the threat. Organizations in sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and critical infrastructure in Europe are particularly at risk due to the sensitivity of their data and the regulatory environment. Additionally, the changed scope (S:C) indicates that exploitation could affect multiple components or systems beyond the vulnerable module, increasing the potential impact.

Given the lack of available patches, European organizations should implement immediate compensating controls. These include: 1) Conducting a thorough inventory to identify all instances of Content No Cache in their environment. 2) Applying strict input validation and sanitization at the application layer to prevent malicious code injection. 3) Employing Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) with custom rules to detect and block suspicious payloads targeting code injection patterns specific to Content No Cache. 4) Restricting network access to the vulnerable component to trusted IPs and internal networks only. 5) Monitoring logs and network traffic for unusual activity indicative of exploitation attempts. 6) Preparing incident response plans tailored to code injection attacks. Once a patch becomes available, organizations should prioritize immediate deployment. Additionally, developers should review and refactor code handling dynamic code generation to enforce secure coding practices and minimize injection risks.