CVE-2025-31250 is an information disclosure vulnerability affecting Apple macOS, specifically prior to the release of macOS Sequoia 15.5 where the issue has been addressed with enhanced privacy controls. The vulnerability allows an application to potentially access sensitive user data without proper authorization. According to the CVSS 3.1 vector (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N), the attack requires local access (AV:L), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges (PR:N), and user interaction (UI:R). The scope remains unchanged (S:U), and the impact is high on confidentiality (C:H) but none on integrity or availability (I:N/A:N). This means that while the vulnerability does not allow modification or disruption of system operations, it can lead to significant leakage of confidential user information. The CWE classification CWE-200 confirms this is a data exposure issue. No known exploits are currently reported in the wild, and the affected versions are unspecified but presumably all macOS versions before 15.5. The vulnerability was reserved in late March 2025 and published in May 2025, indicating a recent discovery and patch release cycle. The lack of patch links suggests users should update to macOS Sequoia 15.5 or later to remediate the issue. The requirement for local access and user interaction implies that an attacker must convince a user to run a malicious app or code locally, which then can access sensitive data improperly due to insufficient privacy controls in the OS.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a moderate risk primarily to environments where macOS devices are used extensively, such as creative industries, software development, and executive workstations. The exposure of sensitive user data could lead to privacy violations, intellectual property theft, or leakage of confidential business information. Given the high confidentiality impact, data protection regulations such as GDPR could be implicated if personal data is exposed, leading to potential legal and financial consequences. The requirement for local access and user interaction reduces the risk of widespread remote exploitation but does not eliminate insider threats or targeted attacks where malicious applications are introduced intentionally or via social engineering. Organizations relying on macOS for critical operations should be aware that this vulnerability could be exploited by insiders or through phishing campaigns that trick users into running malicious apps, potentially compromising sensitive data confidentiality.

European organizations should prioritize updating all macOS devices to version Sequoia 15.5 or later to ensure the vulnerability is patched. Beyond patching, organizations should implement strict application control policies using Apple’s built-in tools such as Gatekeeper and System Integrity Protection (SIP) to prevent unauthorized or untrusted applications from executing. User education is critical to reduce the risk of social engineering attacks that require user interaction; training should emphasize the dangers of running unknown or suspicious applications. Endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions tailored for macOS can help identify anomalous application behavior indicative of exploitation attempts. Additionally, organizations should audit and restrict local user privileges to minimize the risk of unauthorized app installation or execution. Regular privacy and security assessments of macOS configurations can help ensure that privacy controls are correctly enforced and that no legacy or misconfigured settings allow data leakage.