CVE-2025-31250 is a medium-severity information disclosure vulnerability identified in Apple macOS, specifically addressed in the macOS Sequoia 15.5 update. The vulnerability arises from inadequate privacy controls that allow an application to access sensitive user data without proper authorization. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-200 (Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor). According to the CVSS v3.1 vector (AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N), exploitation requires local access (AV:L), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges (PR:N), and user interaction (UI:R). The scope is unchanged (S:U), and the impact is high on confidentiality (C:H), with no impact on integrity or availability. This means an attacker with local access and the ability to trick a user into interaction could extract sensitive data from the system. The vulnerability affects unspecified versions prior to macOS Sequoia 15.5, which includes the fix. No public exploits or active exploitation have been reported to date. The issue was reserved in March 2025 and published in May 2025, indicating a recent discovery and patch release. The vulnerability poses a risk primarily to users and organizations relying on macOS devices, especially where sensitive data confidentiality is critical.

For European organizations, the primary impact of CVE-2025-31250 is the potential unauthorized disclosure of sensitive user data on macOS devices. This could include personal information, credentials, or corporate data, depending on the app's access and the data stored on the device. Confidentiality breaches can lead to privacy violations, regulatory non-compliance (e.g., GDPR), reputational damage, and potential financial losses. Since exploitation requires local access and user interaction, the risk is higher in environments where users may install untrusted applications or fall victim to social engineering. Organizations with remote or hybrid workforces using macOS devices are particularly vulnerable if endpoint security controls are lax. The absence of impact on integrity and availability limits the threat to data leakage rather than system disruption or data manipulation. However, sensitive data exposure can facilitate further attacks such as phishing or credential theft. The lack of known exploits reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the threat, especially as attackers may develop exploits post-disclosure.

To mitigate CVE-2025-31250, European organizations should: 1) Immediately update all macOS devices to macOS Sequoia 15.5 or later, which contains the patch for this vulnerability. 2) Enforce strict application installation policies, restricting users from installing unverified or untrusted apps that could exploit this vulnerability. 3) Implement endpoint security solutions capable of monitoring and controlling app permissions and detecting anomalous access to sensitive data. 4) Educate users about the risks of interacting with untrusted applications and the importance of applying system updates promptly. 5) Use Mobile Device Management (MDM) tools to enforce compliance with patching and app control policies across the organization’s macOS fleet. 6) Regularly audit and review app permissions to ensure minimal necessary access to sensitive data. 7) Monitor logs and alerts for unusual local access attempts or data exfiltration activities. These steps go beyond generic advice by focusing on controlling the attack vector (local app execution and user interaction) and ensuring rapid deployment of the specific patch.