CVE-2025-31280 is a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability classified under CWE-122 that affects Apple macOS prior to version Sequoia 15.6. The vulnerability stems from insufficient validation when processing certain file formats, allowing a maliciously crafted file to corrupt heap memory. This corruption can lead to arbitrary code execution, privilege escalation, or denial of service by crashing critical system processes. The vulnerability requires local access and user interaction, as exploitation involves convincing a user to open or process a specially crafted file. The CVSS v3.1 score of 7.8 reflects high impact across confidentiality, integrity, and availability, with low attack complexity and no privileges required but user interaction necessary. Apple addressed this issue by improving validation logic in macOS Sequoia 15.6, eliminating the heap corruption vector. No public exploits have been reported yet, but the nature of the flaw makes it a significant risk for targeted attacks or malware campaigns leveraging social engineering. The vulnerability affects all macOS versions before the patch release, though specific affected versions were not detailed. Given the widespread use of macOS in enterprise and creative industries, this vulnerability poses a substantial threat if unpatched.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-31280 can be severe. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized code execution, allowing attackers to steal sensitive data, implant persistent malware, or disrupt critical services. Sectors such as finance, media, technology, and government agencies that rely on macOS systems for day-to-day operations are particularly vulnerable. The requirement for user interaction means phishing or social engineering campaigns could be used to deliver the malicious files, increasing the risk of targeted attacks. Additionally, the potential for denial of service through system crashes could impact business continuity. The confidentiality, integrity, and availability of affected systems are all at high risk, which could lead to regulatory compliance issues under GDPR if personal data is compromised. The lack of known exploits in the wild currently reduces immediate risk but does not diminish the urgency for patching given the high severity and potential for rapid exploitation once proof-of-concept code becomes available.

1. Immediately update all macOS systems to version Sequoia 15.6 or later, where the vulnerability is patched. 2. Implement strict email and file handling policies to reduce the risk of users opening maliciously crafted files, including disabling automatic file previews and scanning attachments with advanced malware detection tools. 3. Educate users about the risks of opening files from untrusted sources and train them to recognize phishing attempts. 4. Employ endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions capable of monitoring for anomalous behavior indicative of exploitation attempts. 5. Restrict local user privileges where possible to limit the impact of successful exploitation. 6. Regularly audit and inventory macOS devices within the organization to ensure timely patch deployment. 7. Use network segmentation to isolate critical macOS systems and limit lateral movement in case of compromise. 8. Monitor security advisories from Apple and threat intelligence feeds for any emerging exploit activity related to this CVE.