CVE-2025-31328 is a Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) vulnerability identified in the SAP S/4 HANA Learning Solution module, specifically affecting versions S4HCMGXX 100 and 101. The vulnerability arises because a GET-based OData function is named in a manner that violates expected behavior, enabling attackers to exploit the system by tricking authenticated users into sending unintended requests to the server. CSRF attacks typically leverage the trust a web application has in a user's browser, causing the victim's browser to execute unwanted actions without their consent. In this case, the flaw allows an attacker to manipulate the confidentiality and integrity of the SAP Learning Solution application by potentially executing unauthorized operations or accessing sensitive data. However, the vulnerability does not impact the availability of the system. The absence of known exploits in the wild suggests this vulnerability is either newly discovered or not yet actively exploited. The technical root cause is linked to improper validation of state-changing requests and insufficient anti-CSRF protections in the affected OData services. Since SAP S/4 HANA is a critical enterprise resource planning (ERP) platform widely used in large organizations, this vulnerability could be leveraged to perform unauthorized data modifications or data leakage within the Learning Solution component, which manages training and educational content for employees. The issue is classified under CWE-352, indicating a failure to implement adequate CSRF protections. The vulnerability was reserved in March 2025 and published in April 2025, with a medium severity rating assigned by the vendor. No patches or mitigations have been linked yet, emphasizing the need for immediate attention from affected organizations.

For European organizations, the impact of this vulnerability can be significant, especially for enterprises relying on SAP S/4 HANA Learning Solution for employee training and compliance management. Confidentiality risks include unauthorized access to sensitive training materials, user data, or internal documentation, potentially leading to information leakage. Integrity risks involve unauthorized modification of learning content, user progress records, or configuration settings, which could disrupt training programs or compliance tracking. Although availability is not directly affected, the compromise of data integrity and confidentiality can have downstream effects on operational efficiency and regulatory compliance. Given SAP's widespread adoption among European industries such as manufacturing, finance, and public sector entities, exploitation could lead to reputational damage, regulatory penalties (e.g., GDPR violations), and operational disruptions. The medium severity rating reflects the need for vigilance but indicates that exploitation requires the attacker to have an authenticated user session and to lure the user into performing malicious actions, which may limit the attack surface but does not eliminate risk.

1. Implement strict anti-CSRF tokens for all state-changing operations within the SAP Learning Solution OData services, ensuring that GET requests do not perform state changes or sensitive operations. 2. Review and rename OData functions to comply with RESTful principles, ensuring GET methods are idempotent and free of side effects. 3. Enforce SameSite cookie attributes and Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to reduce the risk of CSRF and cross-origin attacks. 4. Conduct thorough security testing and code reviews focusing on CSRF protections in custom extensions or configurations of SAP Learning Solution. 5. Educate users about phishing and social engineering tactics that could be used to exploit CSRF vulnerabilities. 6. Monitor SAP security advisories for patches or updates addressing this vulnerability and apply them promptly once available. 7. Utilize web application firewalls (WAFs) with rules designed to detect and block suspicious CSRF attack patterns targeting SAP endpoints. 8. Limit user permissions within the Learning Solution to the minimum necessary to reduce the impact of potential CSRF exploitation.