CVE-2025-4108 is a SQL Injection vulnerability identified in version 3.20 of the PHPGurukul Student Record System, specifically within the /add-subject.php file. The vulnerability arises from improper sanitization or validation of the 'sub1' parameter, which is susceptible to malicious SQL payloads. An attacker can remotely exploit this flaw without requiring authentication or user interaction, by directly manipulating the 'sub1' argument in HTTP requests. Successful exploitation allows the attacker to execute arbitrary SQL commands on the backend database, potentially leading to unauthorized data access, modification, or deletion. The vulnerability has been publicly disclosed, increasing the risk of exploitation, although no known exploits have been reported in the wild yet. The CVSS 4.0 base score is 6.9, reflecting a medium severity rating, primarily due to the lack of authentication and user interaction requirements, but with limited impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability (all rated low). The vulnerability does not involve scope changes or complex attack vectors, but the critical nature of student record data and the potential for data leakage or corruption make this a significant concern for affected organizations.

For European organizations, especially educational institutions and administrative bodies using PHPGurukul Student Record System 3.20, this vulnerability poses a risk of unauthorized access to sensitive student data, including personal identification information, academic records, and possibly financial details. Exploitation could lead to data breaches, reputational damage, regulatory non-compliance (e.g., GDPR violations), and operational disruptions. The ability to remotely execute SQL commands without authentication increases the threat level, as attackers can potentially extract or manipulate data at scale. Although the CVSS score suggests medium severity, the criticality of educational data and the potential cascading effects on privacy and institutional trust elevate the practical impact. Additionally, compromised systems could be leveraged for further attacks within the network or to distribute misinformation. The absence of known exploits in the wild currently limits immediate risk but does not preclude rapid exploitation following public disclosure.

Organizations should immediately audit their deployments of PHPGurukul Student Record System to identify affected versions (3.20). Since no official patches are currently linked, administrators should implement immediate compensating controls such as input validation and parameterized queries or prepared statements to sanitize the 'sub1' input parameter. Web application firewalls (WAFs) should be configured to detect and block SQL injection patterns targeting the /add-subject.php endpoint. Network segmentation and strict access controls can limit exposure. Regular monitoring of logs for suspicious SQL query patterns or anomalous database activity is recommended. Organizations should also engage with PHPGurukul or community channels for forthcoming patches or updates. Additionally, conducting penetration testing focused on SQL injection vectors can help identify residual vulnerabilities. Finally, ensure backups of critical data are up to date and tested for integrity to enable recovery in case of data compromise.