CVE-2025-4331 is a SQL Injection vulnerability identified in version 1.0 of the SourceCodester Online Student Clearance System, specifically within the /Admin/login.php file. The vulnerability arises from improper sanitization or validation of user-supplied input parameters such as id, username, or password, which are directly used in SQL queries. This flaw allows an unauthenticated remote attacker to inject malicious SQL code, potentially manipulating the backend database. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized data access, modification, or deletion, compromising the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system's data. The vulnerability is remotely exploitable without requiring authentication or user interaction, increasing its risk profile. Although the CVSS 4.0 score is 6.9 (medium severity), the potential for significant data compromise in an educational administrative context warrants careful attention. No public exploits are currently known in the wild, and no patches have been officially released as of the publication date. The vulnerability affects only version 1.0 of the product, which is used for managing student clearance processes, a critical administrative function in educational institutions.

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions using the SourceCodester Online Student Clearance System, this vulnerability poses a risk of unauthorized access to sensitive student and administrative data. Exploitation could lead to exposure of personally identifiable information (PII), academic records, and clearance statuses, potentially violating GDPR requirements and resulting in regulatory penalties. Data integrity could be compromised, affecting the accuracy of student clearance records and administrative decisions. Availability impacts could disrupt clearance workflows, delaying student graduations or administrative processes. The remote, unauthenticated nature of the exploit increases the attack surface, especially for institutions with internet-facing administrative portals. Given the critical role of student clearance systems, exploitation could also damage institutional reputation and trust.

European organizations should immediately audit their use of the SourceCodester Online Student Clearance System version 1.0 and plan for an upgrade or patch once available. In the absence of an official patch, organizations should implement web application firewalls (WAFs) with SQL injection detection and prevention rules tailored to the affected endpoints, particularly /Admin/login.php. Input validation and parameterized queries should be enforced at the application level to mitigate injection risks. Network segmentation should restrict access to administrative interfaces to trusted internal networks or VPNs. Continuous monitoring of logs for suspicious SQL query patterns or repeated failed login attempts is advised. Additionally, organizations should conduct security assessments or penetration tests focused on injection vulnerabilities in their student clearance systems. Finally, ensure that backups of critical data are maintained securely to enable recovery in case of data tampering or loss.