CVE-2025-43522 is a security vulnerability identified in Intel-based Apple macOS systems, specifically addressed in macOS Sequoia 15.7.3. The root cause is a downgrade issue that allowed applications to bypass certain security controls, particularly related to code-signing enforcement. Code-signing is a critical security mechanism that ensures only trusted software runs on macOS by verifying the integrity and origin of applications. The downgrade issue meant that an attacker could exploit older, less restrictive code-signing policies to run malicious applications that gain unauthorized access to user-sensitive data. This data could include personal files, credentials, or other confidential information stored on the device. The vulnerability does not require user interaction beyond app installation or execution, increasing the risk of exploitation if a malicious app is introduced. While no active exploits have been reported, the potential for data leakage makes this a significant concern. The fix implemented by Apple strengthens code-signing restrictions, preventing apps from leveraging older, insecure policies. The affected versions are unspecified but pertain to Intel-based Macs prior to the patch release. The vulnerability highlights the importance of maintaining up-to-date systems and the risks associated with legacy hardware and software components in modern environments.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-43522 could be substantial, especially for those relying on Intel-based Macs for sensitive operations. Unauthorized access to user-sensitive data can lead to data breaches, loss of intellectual property, regulatory non-compliance (e.g., GDPR violations), and reputational damage. Sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and technology, which often use macOS devices, may face increased risks. The vulnerability could be exploited to extract confidential information, potentially enabling further attacks like identity theft, corporate espionage, or ransomware deployment. Given the lack of required user interaction beyond app execution, the attack surface is broad, particularly in environments where application vetting is insufficient. The absence of known exploits provides a window for proactive defense, but organizations must act swiftly to mitigate risks. The impact extends to availability if sensitive data exposure leads to operational disruptions or regulatory sanctions. Overall, the vulnerability threatens confidentiality and integrity of data on affected systems.

To mitigate CVE-2025-43522, European organizations should: 1) Immediately update all Intel-based macOS systems to macOS Sequoia 15.7.3 or later, ensuring the patch addressing this vulnerability is applied. 2) Enforce strict application control policies using Apple’s built-in tools such as Gatekeeper and System Integrity Protection (SIP) to prevent execution of untrusted or unsigned applications. 3) Implement endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions capable of monitoring for anomalous app behavior indicative of exploitation attempts. 4) Conduct regular audits of installed applications and remove any that are unnecessary or unverified. 5) Educate users about the risks of installing software from untrusted sources, even if no direct user interaction is required for exploitation. 6) Utilize Mobile Device Management (MDM) solutions to centrally manage macOS updates and security configurations. 7) Monitor security advisories from Apple and threat intelligence feeds for any emerging exploit activity related to this vulnerability. 8) Consider network segmentation to limit the exposure of critical systems running macOS. These measures go beyond generic patching by emphasizing proactive detection, application control, and user awareness tailored to the macOS environment.