CVE-2025-4497 is a buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the code-projects Simple Banking System version 1.0, specifically within the Sign In component. The vulnerability arises from improper handling of the 'password2' argument, which can be manipulated to overflow a buffer. This overflow can potentially allow an attacker to overwrite adjacent memory, leading to undefined behavior such as application crashes, data corruption, or execution of arbitrary code. The vulnerability requires local access to the system and low privileges (PR:L), meaning an attacker must have some level of authenticated or local presence on the affected machine to exploit it. No user interaction is required once local access is obtained. The CVSS 4.0 base score is 4.8, categorized as medium severity, reflecting limited attack vector (local), low complexity, and limited impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The vulnerability does not require user interaction and does not affect system components beyond the local scope. No public exploits are currently known in the wild, but the exploit details have been disclosed publicly, increasing the risk of future exploitation. No patches or mitigation links have been provided yet, indicating that affected organizations need to monitor for updates or consider alternative mitigations. The Simple Banking System is a financial application, so exploitation could lead to unauthorized access or manipulation of banking data if combined with other vulnerabilities or elevated privileges.

For European organizations using the Simple Banking System version 1.0, this vulnerability poses a moderate risk primarily due to its local attack vector requirement. The impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability is limited unless an attacker can escalate privileges or chain this vulnerability with others. However, given the financial nature of the application, any compromise could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive banking information, fraudulent transactions, or disruption of banking services. The risk is higher in environments where multiple users have local access or where endpoint security is weak. Organizations with remote or distributed workforces may be less exposed unless attackers gain initial local foothold via other means such as compromised credentials or insider threats. The lack of a patch increases the urgency for mitigating controls. The public disclosure of the exploit details raises the likelihood of targeted attacks, especially against smaller financial institutions or development/test environments using this software. Overall, the threat is moderate but should not be underestimated given the criticality of banking data and potential regulatory implications under GDPR and other European financial regulations.

1. Restrict local access strictly to trusted personnel and enforce strong authentication and authorization controls on all systems running the Simple Banking System. 2. Implement endpoint protection solutions capable of detecting anomalous behavior or exploitation attempts related to buffer overflows. 3. Monitor system logs and application behavior for signs of exploitation attempts, such as crashes or unusual input patterns targeting the Sign In component. 4. Isolate systems running the vulnerable software from general user environments to reduce the attack surface. 5. Employ application whitelisting and privilege restrictions to limit the ability of an attacker to execute arbitrary code even if the buffer overflow is triggered. 6. Regularly back up critical banking data and ensure recovery procedures are tested to mitigate potential data corruption or loss. 7. Engage with the vendor or community to obtain patches or updates as soon as they become available. 8. Conduct security awareness training to reduce insider threats and educate users about the risks of local exploitation. 9. Consider code review or recompilation with security hardening flags if source code access is available, to mitigate buffer overflow risks.