CVE-2025-45847 is a medium-severity vulnerability identified in ALFA AIP-W512 version 3.2.2.2.3. The flaw is an authenticated stack overflow occurring via the 'targetAPMac' parameter in the 'formWsc' function. A stack overflow vulnerability arises when a program writes more data to a buffer located on the stack than it can hold, potentially overwriting adjacent memory. In this case, the overflow is triggered by supplying a crafted value to the 'targetAPMac' parameter, which is processed by the 'formWsc' function. Because the vulnerability requires authentication, an attacker must have valid credentials or access to the device's management interface to exploit it. The CVSS v3.1 base score is 6.5, reflecting a medium severity level with the vector indicating network attack vector (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), unchanged scope (S:U), and low impact on confidentiality and integrity (C:L/I:L) but no impact on availability (A:N). The vulnerability is classified under CWE-121 (Stack-based Buffer Overflow), a common and dangerous class of memory corruption bugs that can lead to arbitrary code execution or denial of service if exploited successfully. No public exploits or patches are currently available, and the vulnerability was published on May 8, 2025. The affected product is the ALFA AIP-W512, which is a wireless access point device used in enterprise or industrial environments. The lack of detailed vendor or product information limits the scope of analysis but the technical nature indicates a risk primarily to network infrastructure devices that handle wireless connectivity and management.

For European organizations, the exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized code execution or compromise of the affected wireless access points, potentially allowing attackers to intercept or manipulate network traffic, degrade network integrity, or pivot into internal networks. Since the vulnerability requires authentication, the risk is somewhat mitigated by existing access controls; however, insider threats or compromised credentials could enable exploitation. The impact on confidentiality and integrity is low to medium, but given the role of access points in network infrastructure, even limited compromise could disrupt wireless services or facilitate further attacks. Critical infrastructure sectors, enterprises with large wireless deployments, and organizations relying on ALFA devices for secure wireless access could face operational disruptions or data breaches. The absence of known exploits reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the threat, especially as attackers may develop exploits post-disclosure. The vulnerability does not affect availability directly but could be leveraged in multi-stage attacks to cause denial of service or persistent compromise.

Organizations using ALFA AIP-W512 devices should immediately verify the firmware version and restrict access to the device management interfaces to trusted administrators only. Since no patches are currently available, mitigating controls include disabling or restricting the use of the vulnerable 'formWsc' function if possible, or limiting the use of the 'targetAPMac' parameter through input validation or firewall rules. Network segmentation should be enforced to isolate wireless management interfaces from general user networks. Strong authentication mechanisms, including multi-factor authentication for device access, should be implemented to prevent unauthorized access. Monitoring and logging of management interface access and unusual parameter usage can help detect attempted exploitation. Organizations should maintain close contact with the vendor for firmware updates or patches and apply them promptly once released. Additionally, conducting penetration testing and vulnerability scanning focused on wireless infrastructure can help identify exposure and validate mitigations.