CVE-2025-54095VulnerabilityPublished 9 Sep 2025Updated 20 Feb 2026

CVE-2025-54095: Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 · Out-of-bounds Read

Affects Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 6.5 Medium.

Data as of 25 Oct 2026, 19:02 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

6.5Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 1.1% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 67% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Base metrics

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: High
Integrity: None
Availability: None

Temporal metrics

Exploit Code Maturity: Unproven
Remediation Level: Official Fix
Report Confidence: Confirmed

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: Required: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires a user to take some action before the vulnerability can be exploited.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: High: There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact.
Integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the impacted component.
Availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the impacted component.
Exploit Code Maturity: Unproven: No exploit code is available, or an exploit is theoretical.
Remediation Level: Official Fix: A complete vendor solution is available. Either the vendor has issued an official patch, or an upgrade is available.
Report Confidence: Confirmed: Detailed reports exist, or functional reproduction is possible (functional exploits may provide this). Source code is available to independently verify the assertions of the research, or the author or vendor of the affected code has confirmed the presence of the vulnerability.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 9 Sep 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 2026-10-25.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1	Affected =6.1.7601.0	Fixed in–

AI-suggested

1. Immediately restrict network exposure of RRAS services by blocking inbound access from untrusted networks using firewalls or network access control lists. 2. Disable RRAS on Windows Server 2008 R2 systems if it is not required for business operations. 3. Implement strict network segmentation to isolate legacy servers running RRAS from critical infrastructure and sensitive data stores. 4. Monitor network traffic for unusual or malformed packets targeting RRAS ports and protocols to detect potential exploitation attempts. 5. Apply any forthcoming security patches from Microsoft as soon as they become available. 6. Consider upgrading or migrating from Windows Server 2008 R2 to supported versions of Windows Server that receive security updates and have improved security features. 7. Conduct regular security assessments and vulnerability scans focused on legacy systems to identify and remediate exposures. 8. Employ intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or heuristics capable of detecting anomalous RRAS activity. 9. Educate network and system administrators about the risks of legacy services and the importance of minimizing attack surfaces. 10. Maintain an incident response plan that includes procedures for handling information disclosure vulnerabilities and potential data leaks.

Description

Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.

Impact

The primary impact of CVE-2025-54095 is the unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information from affected Windows Server 2008 R2 systems running RRAS. This can compromise confidentiality by leaking memory contents that may include credentials, configuration data, or other sensitive information. Although the vulnerability does not allow modification of data or disruption of service, the leaked information could facilitate subsequent attacks such as privilege escalation, lateral movement, or targeted exploitation. Organizations relying on legacy Windows Server 2008 R2 with RRAS exposed to untrusted networks face increased risk of data leakage. The impact is particularly significant for enterprises with critical infrastructure or sensitive data hosted on these systems. Since exploitation requires no privileges but does require user interaction (sending crafted packets), attackers can remotely target exposed RRAS endpoints without authentication. The lack of patches and known exploits in the wild currently limits immediate widespread exploitation, but the vulnerability remains a risk until mitigated. The scope of affected systems is limited to Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 installations with RRAS enabled, which narrows the attack surface but still includes many legacy enterprise environments worldwide.

CWE-125Out-of-bounds Read (opens in a new tab)
Base weaknessCWE Top 25 (2025): #8
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Implementation · Input Validation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
Architecture and Design · Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
OWASP Cheat Sheets
XML Security (opens in a new tab)
Mass Assignment (opens in a new tab)
OWASP ASVS 4.0.3
V13.3.1 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.4 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.3 (opens in a new tab)
Attack patterns
Overread Buffers (opens in a new tab)
From MITRE CWE, MITRE CAPEC and OWASP (Top 10, OpenCRE).

References

msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-54095 (opens in a new tab)

Community reviews

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 21 Feb 2026, 21:21 UTC

WeaknessesCWE-125

Technical details

References

Community reviews

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