CVE-2025-56130 is an operating system command injection vulnerability affecting Ruijie RG-S1930 series switches running firmware version S1930SWITCH_3.0(1)B11P230. The vulnerability resides in the module_update function implemented in the Lua script located at /usr/local/lua/dev_config/ace_sw.lua. An attacker can exploit this flaw by crafting a malicious POST request targeting the module_update endpoint, which fails to properly sanitize user input before passing it to system-level command execution. This lack of input validation allows arbitrary commands to be executed with the privileges of the affected process, potentially root or administrative level on the device. The vulnerability does not require prior authentication, enabling remote attackers to exploit it without credentials. The absence of a CVSS score and patches indicates this is a newly disclosed issue, reserved in August 2025 and published in December 2025. While no active exploitation has been reported, the vulnerability's nature suggests a high risk of exploitation due to the critical role of network switches in enterprise and infrastructure environments. Attackers gaining control over these devices can manipulate network traffic, disrupt communications, or use the compromised switch as a foothold for further attacks within the network.

For European organizations, exploitation of CVE-2025-56130 could have severe consequences. Network switches like the Ruijie RG-S1930 are integral to enterprise and service provider networks, handling critical data flows and network segmentation. Compromise of these devices can lead to loss of network availability, interception or manipulation of sensitive data, and unauthorized lateral movement within corporate networks. This can disrupt business operations, cause data breaches, and impact critical infrastructure sectors such as telecommunications, finance, and government services. The vulnerability's remote and unauthenticated nature increases the likelihood of exploitation, especially in environments where these devices are exposed to untrusted networks or insufficiently segmented management interfaces. European organizations relying on Ruijie switches without robust network access controls are particularly at risk. Additionally, the geopolitical climate and increasing cyber espionage targeting European infrastructure heighten the threat level posed by such vulnerabilities.

European organizations should immediately implement network segmentation to isolate Ruijie RG-S1930 switches from untrusted networks and restrict management interface access to trusted administrators only. Deploy strict firewall rules and access control lists (ACLs) to limit exposure of the module_update endpoint. Monitor network traffic for unusual POST requests targeting the vulnerable Lua script path. Employ intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) with signatures or heuristics to detect exploitation attempts. Until an official patch is released by Ruijie, consider disabling or restricting the module_update functionality if feasible. Conduct regular firmware audits and subscribe to Ruijie security advisories for timely updates. Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA) on management interfaces to reduce risk from credential compromise. Additionally, perform vulnerability scanning and penetration testing focused on network devices to identify and remediate similar issues proactively. Maintain comprehensive logging and alerting to detect suspicious activities indicative of exploitation attempts.