CVE-2025-5725 is a cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability identified in SourceCodester Student Result Management System version 1.0. The vulnerability exists in the grading system page, specifically within the /script/academic/grading-system file. The issue arises from improper sanitization or validation of the 'Remark' parameter, which can be manipulated by an attacker to inject malicious scripts. This vulnerability is exploitable remotely without authentication, although user interaction is required for the attack to succeed, such as a victim clicking a crafted link or viewing a maliciously crafted page. The vulnerability has a CVSS 4.0 base score of 4.8, categorized as medium severity. The vector indicates network attack vector (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:H indicates high privileges required, but this conflicts with the description; assuming a typo or misclassification), user interaction required (UI:P), and limited impact on integrity (VI:L) with no impact on confidentiality or availability. The exploit has been publicly disclosed but there are no known active exploits in the wild at this time. The vulnerability could allow attackers to execute arbitrary JavaScript in the context of the victim's browser, potentially leading to session hijacking, defacement, or redirection to malicious sites. Given the nature of the affected system—a student result management platform—this could impact the confidentiality and integrity of academic records and user sessions if exploited.

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions using SourceCodester Student Result Management System 1.0, this vulnerability poses a risk to the confidentiality and integrity of student data and academic records. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information, session hijacking of administrative or student accounts, and manipulation or defacement of academic results. This could damage institutional reputation, violate data protection regulations such as GDPR, and disrupt academic operations. Since the system is web-based and accessible over the network, attackers could target users remotely, increasing the risk of widespread impact if the system is widely deployed. The requirement for user interaction limits automated exploitation but does not eliminate risk, especially in environments where users may be less security-aware. The lack of known active exploits reduces immediate risk but the public disclosure increases the likelihood of future exploitation attempts.

1. Immediate application of input validation and output encoding on the 'Remark' parameter within the grading system page to neutralize malicious scripts. 2. Implement Content Security Policy (CSP) headers to restrict the execution of unauthorized scripts in the browser context. 3. Conduct a thorough code review of the entire application to identify and remediate similar XSS vulnerabilities in other input vectors. 4. Educate users, especially administrative staff and students, about the risks of clicking on suspicious links or interacting with untrusted content. 5. If patching is not immediately available, consider deploying web application firewalls (WAFs) with custom rules to detect and block malicious payloads targeting the vulnerable parameter. 6. Monitor logs for unusual activity related to the grading system page to detect potential exploitation attempts. 7. Regularly update and maintain the Student Result Management System and consider migrating to more secure and actively maintained platforms if possible.