CVE-2025-57328 is a Prototype Pollution vulnerability found in the toggle-array package, specifically in versions 1.0.1 and earlier. The toggle-array package is designed to enable a property on an object at a specified index while disabling the same property on all other objects within an array. The vulnerability arises in the enable and disable functions, where an attacker can supply a crafted payload that injects properties into Object.prototype. Prototype Pollution occurs when an attacker is able to modify the prototype of a base object, which in JavaScript affects all objects inheriting from that prototype. This can lead to unexpected behavior or security issues in applications using the vulnerable package. In this case, the minimum consequence is a denial of service (DoS), where the application may crash or become unresponsive due to corrupted object states or infinite loops caused by the polluted prototype. The CVSS score is 7.5 (high severity), with an attack vector of network (AV:N), low attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), unchanged scope (S:U), no impact on confidentiality or integrity (C:N/I:N), but high impact on availability (A:H). No known exploits are currently in the wild, and no patches have been linked yet. The vulnerability is classified under CWE-1321, which relates to improper handling of prototype pollution. This vulnerability is particularly relevant for JavaScript applications that depend on toggle-array for managing object properties in arrays, especially in server-side environments like Node.js where prototype pollution can have broader impacts.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a significant risk primarily to web applications and backend services that utilize the toggle-array package in their JavaScript codebase. The denial of service impact can disrupt critical services, leading to downtime and potential loss of business continuity. Since no authentication or user interaction is required for exploitation, attackers can remotely trigger the vulnerability, increasing the risk of automated attacks or worm-like propagation in vulnerable environments. Organizations in sectors such as finance, healthcare, e-commerce, and public services, which rely heavily on web applications, may experience service outages or degraded performance. Additionally, the indirect effects of prototype pollution could lead to unpredictable application behavior, complicating incident response and recovery efforts. Although confidentiality and integrity are not directly impacted, the availability disruption alone can cause reputational damage and financial losses. The lack of known exploits in the wild currently reduces immediate risk, but the high CVSS score and ease of exploitation suggest that attackers may develop exploits soon, making proactive mitigation critical.

European organizations should immediately audit their software dependencies to identify usage of toggle-array version 1.0.1 or earlier. Since no official patch links are provided, organizations should monitor the package repository and security advisories for updates or patches addressing this vulnerability. In the interim, consider the following mitigations: 1) Implement input validation and sanitization to prevent malicious payloads from reaching the enable and disable functions of toggle-array. 2) Use runtime application self-protection (RASP) or web application firewalls (WAF) to detect and block suspicious payloads that attempt prototype pollution patterns. 3) Employ static and dynamic code analysis tools to detect prototype pollution risks in the codebase. 4) Isolate or sandbox components using toggle-array to limit the impact of potential prototype pollution. 5) If feasible, replace toggle-array with alternative libraries that do not have this vulnerability or implement custom logic that avoids prototype manipulation. 6) Enhance monitoring and alerting for application crashes or unusual behavior indicative of DoS attempts. 7) Educate development teams about prototype pollution risks and secure coding practices to prevent similar vulnerabilities in the future.