CVE-2025-5780 is a medium-severity SQL Injection vulnerability identified in version 1.0 of the code-projects Patient Record Management System, specifically within the /view_dental.php file. The vulnerability arises from improper sanitization or validation of the 'itr_no' parameter, which is susceptible to malicious input manipulation. An attacker can exploit this flaw remotely without requiring user interaction or elevated privileges, by crafting specially crafted requests that inject SQL commands through the 'itr_no' parameter. This injection can lead to unauthorized access or modification of the backend database, potentially exposing sensitive patient records or corrupting data integrity. The vulnerability has been publicly disclosed, although no known exploits are currently observed in the wild. The CVSS 4.0 base score is 5.3, reflecting a medium severity level due to the ease of remote exploitation but limited scope of impact (low confidentiality, integrity, and availability impacts). The vulnerability does not require authentication, increasing the risk of exploitation. However, the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability is assessed as low, possibly due to limited access or partial exposure of data. No official patches or mitigations have been published yet, which increases the urgency for organizations using this system to implement compensating controls.

For European organizations, particularly healthcare providers using the affected Patient Record Management System version 1.0, this vulnerability poses a significant risk to patient data confidentiality and integrity. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive medical records, violating GDPR requirements and potentially resulting in heavy regulatory fines and reputational damage. Data integrity could also be compromised, affecting clinical decision-making and patient safety. Although the CVSS score is medium, the critical nature of healthcare data elevates the potential impact. Additionally, availability impacts, while low, could disrupt dental or patient record services, affecting operational continuity. The remote and unauthenticated nature of the exploit increases the attack surface, especially if the system is exposed to the internet or insufficiently segmented within internal networks. The lack of known exploits in the wild currently reduces immediate risk but does not preclude future exploitation attempts, especially as exploit code becomes available following public disclosure.

Given the absence of official patches, European organizations should immediately implement the following specific mitigations: 1) Apply strict input validation and sanitization on the 'itr_no' parameter at the web application firewall (WAF) or reverse proxy level to block SQL injection patterns. 2) Restrict external access to the Patient Record Management System by enforcing network segmentation and limiting access to trusted internal networks or VPNs. 3) Conduct thorough code reviews and implement parameterized queries or prepared statements in the application code to eliminate SQL injection vulnerabilities in future versions. 4) Monitor logs for unusual or suspicious requests targeting /view_dental.php or containing SQL injection payloads. 5) Implement database-level access controls and least privilege principles to limit the damage potential if an injection occurs. 6) Prepare for rapid patch deployment once an official fix is released by the vendor. 7) Educate IT and security teams about this vulnerability to ensure timely detection and response.