CVE-2025-58077 is a heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability identified in the TP-Link Archer AX53 v1.0 router, specifically within the tmpserver modules responsible for handling network packet processing. The flaw arises when the device processes network packets containing an excessive number of host entries, leading to improper memory management and overflow of the heap buffer. This can cause a segmentation fault, resulting in denial of service, or potentially allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code on the device. The attack vector requires the attacker to be authenticated and adjacent on the network, meaning they must have some level of privileged access and be on the same local network segment. No user interaction is required, and the vulnerability affects firmware versions through 1.3.1 Build 20241120. The CVSS 4.0 vector indicates a high attack complexity and privileges required, with significant impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. While no public exploits are known, the vulnerability represents a critical risk for network infrastructure relying on this router model, as successful exploitation could lead to device compromise or network disruption.

For European organizations, exploitation of this vulnerability could lead to significant network disruptions due to router crashes or compromise. Given the router's role as a network gateway, attackers could gain control over network traffic, intercept sensitive communications, or pivot to internal systems, impacting confidentiality and integrity of data. The requirement for authenticated adjacent access limits remote exploitation but does not eliminate risk, especially in environments with multiple users or less segmented networks. Critical infrastructure, SMEs, and enterprises using this router model may face operational downtime, data breaches, or lateral movement by attackers. The impact is heightened in sectors with stringent data protection regulations such as GDPR, where breaches could lead to legal and financial penalties.

Organizations should immediately verify if they use TP-Link Archer AX53 v1.0 routers with firmware up to 1.3.1 Build 20241120 and prioritize firmware updates once patches are released by TP-Link. In the absence of patches, network segmentation should be enforced to restrict access to the router's management interfaces to trusted administrators only. Implement strong authentication mechanisms and monitor for unusual network traffic patterns indicative of exploitation attempts. Disable or restrict tmpserver modules if possible, or apply firewall rules to limit adjacent network access. Regularly audit device configurations and maintain an inventory of network hardware to ensure timely vulnerability management. Additionally, consider deploying network intrusion detection systems capable of identifying anomalous packet patterns related to this vulnerability.