CVE-2025-59184 is a vulnerability identified in Microsoft Windows Server 2019, specifically version 10.0.17763.0, within the Windows High Availability Services component. This vulnerability is classified under CWE-200, indicating an exposure of sensitive information to unauthorized actors. The flaw allows an attacker who already has authorized local access with low privileges to disclose sensitive information that should otherwise be protected. The attack vector is local (AV:L), requiring the attacker to have some level of access to the system, but the attack complexity is low (AC:L), meaning it does not require advanced skills or conditions. No user interaction is needed (UI:N), and the scope remains unchanged (S:U), meaning the vulnerability affects only the vulnerable component without impacting other system components. The confidentiality impact is high (C:H), indicating that the information disclosed could be highly sensitive, but integrity and availability are not affected (I:N/A:N). The vulnerability was published on October 14, 2025, with no known exploits in the wild and no patches currently available. The vulnerability could be leveraged by insiders or attackers who have gained local access to the server to extract sensitive data, potentially aiding further attacks or data breaches. The absence of patches necessitates interim mitigations to reduce risk.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a risk primarily to the confidentiality of sensitive data hosted on Windows Server 2019 systems, especially those utilizing High Availability Services for critical applications. Exposure of sensitive information could lead to data breaches, intellectual property theft, or leakage of personally identifiable information (PII), which could have regulatory and reputational consequences under GDPR. Since exploitation requires local access with low privileges, the threat is more relevant to insider threats, compromised accounts, or attackers who have already penetrated the network perimeter. Organizations with extensive use of Windows Server 2019 in data centers, cloud environments, or critical infrastructure could face increased risk. The lack of known exploits reduces immediate urgency but does not eliminate the threat, as attackers may develop exploits over time. The medium severity rating suggests that while the impact is significant, the attack vector limits widespread exploitation. Nonetheless, the potential for sensitive data exposure necessitates proactive risk management.

1. Restrict and monitor local access to Windows Server 2019 systems, especially those running High Availability Services, to minimize the risk of unauthorized local actors exploiting this vulnerability. 2. Implement strict access controls and use role-based access to limit privileges to the minimum necessary for users and services. 3. Employ robust endpoint detection and response (EDR) solutions to detect unusual local activity that could indicate exploitation attempts. 4. Regularly audit and review user accounts and permissions to identify and remove unnecessary or dormant accounts. 5. Use network segmentation to isolate critical servers and reduce the risk of lateral movement by attackers. 6. Maintain comprehensive logging and monitoring to quickly identify suspicious behavior related to sensitive data access. 7. Stay informed about Microsoft’s security advisories and apply patches or updates promptly once available. 8. Consider deploying additional encryption or data masking for sensitive information stored or processed on affected systems to reduce the impact of potential disclosure.