CVE-2025-59701 is a vulnerability identified in Entrust nShield hardware security modules (HSMs), specifically the Connect XC, 5c, and HSMi models up to firmware versions 13.6.11 and 13.7. The core issue is that the Appliance SSD, which stores critical cryptographic material and operational data, is not encrypted. This design flaw allows an attacker who has physical proximity and elevated privileges on the device to directly access and modify the SSD contents. Since the data is unencrypted, the attacker can potentially extract sensitive cryptographic keys or tamper with stored data, undermining the confidentiality and integrity guarantees expected from HSMs. The vulnerability requires the attacker to have elevated privileges on the device, which implies prior compromise or insider threat, and physical access to the hardware. No user interaction is needed to exploit this vulnerability. The CVSS vector (AV:P/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L) indicates that the attack vector is physical, with low attack complexity, requiring privileges but no user interaction, and impacts confidentiality, integrity, and availability to a limited extent. No patches or exploits are currently reported, but the risk remains significant given the critical role of HSMs in securing cryptographic operations.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a risk primarily to the security of cryptographic keys and sensitive data managed by Entrust nShield HSMs. Compromise of these devices can lead to unauthorized decryption, signing, or tampering with secure communications and transactions. Sectors such as finance, government, telecommunications, and critical infrastructure that rely on HSMs for key management and cryptographic assurance are particularly vulnerable. The requirement for physical access and elevated privileges limits the attack surface but raises concerns about insider threats or inadequate physical security controls. If exploited, attackers could undermine trust in digital signatures, encryption, and secure authentication mechanisms, potentially leading to data breaches, fraud, or disruption of services. The medium severity rating reflects the balance between the impactful consequences and the exploitation constraints.

European organizations should implement strict physical security controls around Entrust nShield HSM devices, including access restrictions, surveillance, and tamper-evident measures. Regular audits and monitoring of device logs and configurations can help detect unauthorized access or privilege escalations. Segregation of duties and strong authentication mechanisms should be enforced to minimize the risk of privilege abuse. Organizations should engage with Entrust to obtain firmware updates or patches addressing this vulnerability once available. Additionally, consider encrypting data at rest on the appliance if supported by future firmware or deploying complementary security controls such as hardware enclosures with encryption capabilities. Incident response plans should include procedures for suspected physical compromise of HSMs. Finally, ensure that backup and key recovery procedures are robust to mitigate potential data loss or corruption.