CVE-2025-64120 is an OS command injection vulnerability classified under CWE-78, affecting Nuvation Energy's Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) versions from 2.3.8 up to but not including 2.5.1. The vulnerability stems from improper neutralization of special characters in OS commands, allowing attackers to inject and execute arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system. This can be exploited remotely over the network without requiring user interaction, and only low-level privileges are needed, making exploitation relatively straightforward. The MSC is a controller used in energy management systems, particularly for managing stacks of energy storage or generation units. Successful exploitation could lead to full system compromise, enabling attackers to disrupt energy operations, manipulate data, or cause denial of service. The CVSS 4.0 score of 9.4 indicates critical severity, with high impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and a broad scope of affected components. No public exploits are known yet, but the vulnerability's nature and ease of exploitation make it a high priority for patching and mitigation. The vulnerability was reserved in late 2025 and published in early 2026, highlighting its recent discovery and the need for immediate attention.

For European organizations, particularly those involved in energy production, distribution, and storage, this vulnerability poses a significant threat. The MSC is likely integrated into critical infrastructure systems managing renewable energy stacks or battery storage solutions. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized command execution, resulting in operational disruption, data manipulation, or system outages. This could affect grid stability, cause financial losses, and potentially endanger public safety. The critical nature of the vulnerability and the high CVSS score underscore the risk of widespread impact if exploited. Given Europe's strong emphasis on renewable energy and smart grid technologies, organizations using MSC devices are at heightened risk. Additionally, the potential for lateral movement within networks after initial compromise could extend the impact beyond the MSC device itself. The lack of known exploits does not reduce the urgency, as attackers may develop exploits rapidly once details are public.

1. Immediately upgrade all affected MSC devices to version 2.5.1 or later, where the vulnerability is patched. 2. Implement strict network segmentation to isolate MSC devices from general IT networks and limit access to trusted administrators only. 3. Deploy application-layer firewalls or intrusion prevention systems (IPS) capable of detecting and blocking suspicious command injection patterns targeting MSC devices. 4. Conduct regular audits and monitoring of MSC logs for unusual command executions or access patterns indicative of exploitation attempts. 5. Enforce the principle of least privilege for all accounts interacting with MSC devices, minimizing the risk of privilege escalation. 6. Use multi-factor authentication for administrative access to MSC controllers to reduce risk from compromised credentials. 7. Coordinate with Nuvation Energy support for any additional security advisories or mitigations. 8. Prepare incident response plans specifically addressing potential MSC compromise scenarios to enable rapid containment and recovery.