CVE-2025-64120 identifies a critical OS command injection vulnerability in Nuvation Energy's Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) software, specifically affecting versions from 2.3.8 before 2.5.1. The vulnerability arises from improper neutralization of special elements used in OS commands (CWE-78), allowing an attacker to inject and execute arbitrary operating system commands remotely. The vulnerability requires no user interaction and can be exploited over the network with low attack complexity and low privileges, making it highly accessible for attackers. The CVSS 4.0 score of 9.4 reflects the critical nature of this flaw, with high impacts on confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and significant scope and impact on vulnerable components. MSC is used in energy management and industrial control systems, which are critical infrastructure components. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized control, data exfiltration, or disruption of energy systems. Although no known exploits have been reported in the wild, the potential for severe operational impact necessitates urgent attention. The vulnerability affects a broad attack surface due to network accessibility and the critical role of MSC in managing energy stacks. The lack of available patches at the time of reporting requires organizations to implement interim mitigations and monitoring.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-64120 is significant due to the reliance on Nuvation Energy's MSC in managing energy stacks and industrial control systems. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized command execution, resulting in data breaches, manipulation of energy management processes, or denial of service conditions. This could disrupt energy supply chains, cause operational downtime, and potentially lead to safety hazards in industrial environments. The confidentiality of sensitive operational data could be compromised, while integrity and availability of control systems could be severely affected. Given Europe's increasing focus on renewable energy and smart grid technologies, disruption in these systems could have cascading effects on national energy security and economic stability. Organizations operating critical infrastructure or industrial environments using MSC are particularly vulnerable. The potential for lateral movement and escalation within networks further amplifies the risk. The absence of known exploits currently provides a window for proactive defense, but the critical severity demands immediate mitigation efforts.

1. Apply patches from Nuvation Energy as soon as they become available to address the vulnerability in MSC versions prior to 2.5.1. 2. Until patches are released, implement strict network segmentation to isolate MSC devices from untrusted networks and limit access to management interfaces. 3. Employ application-layer filtering and input validation proxies where possible to detect and block suspicious command injection attempts. 4. Monitor system and network logs for unusual command execution patterns or unexpected process launches indicative of exploitation attempts. 5. Restrict MSC user privileges to the minimum necessary to reduce the impact of potential exploitation. 6. Conduct regular vulnerability scans and penetration testing focused on MSC deployments to identify exposure. 7. Educate operational technology (OT) and IT security teams about the vulnerability and signs of exploitation. 8. Develop and test incident response plans specific to MSC compromise scenarios to ensure rapid containment and recovery. 9. Collaborate with Nuvation Energy support channels for updates and guidance. 10. Consider deploying host-based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) on MSC hosts to detect anomalous OS command activity.