CVE-2025-64122 identifies a vulnerability in the Nuvation Energy Multi-Stack Controller (MSC) product line, specifically versions through 2.5.1. The root cause is insufficient protection of credentials (CWE-522), which allows attackers to steal cryptographic keys used for signing communications or commands within the MSC system. This key theft enables signature spoofing, undermining the authenticity and integrity of messages, potentially allowing unauthorized command execution or manipulation of energy management processes. The vulnerability is exploitable locally, meaning an attacker must have local access to the device or network segment to exploit it. The attack complexity is high, indicating that exploitation requires significant skill or resources, but no privileges or user interaction are necessary. The vulnerability affects confidentiality and integrity primarily, with potential indirect impacts on availability if spoofed commands disrupt operations. No public exploits are known yet, but the vulnerability is critical for industrial control systems in energy sectors. The MSC is used in energy storage and management solutions, making this vulnerability particularly relevant for critical infrastructure protection. The CVSS 4.0 vector highlights local attack vector (AV:L), high attack complexity (AC:H), no privileges required (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), and high impact on integrity (SI:H) and availability (VI:H), with scope and security requirements also high. This indicates a sophisticated but impactful threat if exploited. The lack of available patches at the time of publication necessitates immediate risk mitigation steps.

For European organizations, especially those involved in energy production, storage, and distribution, this vulnerability poses a significant risk. Compromise of MSC devices could allow attackers to spoof commands, potentially leading to unauthorized control over energy stacks, causing operational disruptions, safety hazards, or cascading failures in energy grids. The integrity and availability of energy management systems could be jeopardized, affecting critical infrastructure and leading to financial losses, regulatory penalties, and reputational damage. Given Europe's increasing reliance on renewable energy and smart grid technologies, the MSC's role in managing multi-stack energy systems makes this vulnerability particularly impactful. Organizations in sectors such as utilities, industrial manufacturing, and critical infrastructure are at heightened risk. The local access requirement somewhat limits remote exploitation but insider threats or lateral movement within networks could facilitate attacks. The high attack complexity may reduce the likelihood of widespread exploitation but does not eliminate the risk to targeted, high-value assets.

1. Immediately restrict physical and network access to MSC devices to trusted personnel and systems only, employing strict access controls and network segmentation. 2. Monitor local network segments for unusual activity indicative of key theft or signature spoofing attempts, including anomalous command patterns or authentication failures. 3. Implement multi-factor authentication and enhanced credential management where possible to reduce risk of credential compromise. 4. Engage with Nuvation Energy for timely updates and patches; apply security patches as soon as they become available. 5. Conduct regular security audits and penetration tests focusing on local access vectors and credential protection mechanisms within MSC deployments. 6. Deploy intrusion detection/prevention systems tailored to industrial control protocols used by MSC to detect spoofed commands. 7. Train operational technology (OT) staff on recognizing and responding to potential signature spoofing and credential theft incidents. 8. Maintain incident response plans specific to energy management system compromises, including isolation and recovery procedures.