CVE-2025-9175 is a stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability found in the 'make' function of the src/shc.c file within the neurobin shc utility, versions up to 4.0.3. The vulnerability arises due to improper handling of input data leading to a buffer overflow on the stack. This type of vulnerability can allow an attacker to overwrite the stack memory, potentially leading to arbitrary code execution or program crashes. However, exploitation requires local access with at least low privileges (PR:L), and no user interaction is needed. The vulnerability has a CVSS v4.0 score of 4.8, indicating a medium severity level. The attack vector is local (AV:L), with low attack complexity (AC:L), and no privileges required beyond low privileges (PR:L). The vulnerability affects confidentiality, integrity, and availability to a limited extent (VC:L, VI:L, VA:L), and there is no scope change (S:N). The exploit is publicly available, which increases the risk of exploitation, although no known exploits in the wild have been reported yet. The vulnerability does not require user interaction and can be triggered by a local attacker with low privileges, making it a concern primarily for environments where untrusted users have local access. The lack of patch links suggests that a fix may not yet be publicly available, so mitigation relies on access control and monitoring.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-9175 depends largely on the deployment of the neurobin shc utility within their environments. Since shc is a shell script compiler used to convert shell scripts into executable binaries, it is often employed in development, automation, or system administration contexts. A successful exploitation could allow a local attacker to execute arbitrary code with the privileges of the shc process, potentially leading to privilege escalation or disruption of critical automation tasks. This could compromise system integrity and availability, especially in environments where multiple users share access or where local user accounts are not tightly controlled. Confidentiality impact is limited but possible if the attacker can leverage the overflow to read sensitive memory. The medium severity rating reflects these factors. European organizations with multi-user systems, development servers, or automation pipelines using shc are at risk. The public availability of exploits increases the urgency to address this vulnerability. However, the requirement for local access limits the threat from remote attackers, focusing the risk on insider threats or compromised local accounts.

1. Restrict local access: Limit the number of users who have local access to systems running vulnerable versions of neurobin shc. Implement strict access controls and user account management to reduce the risk of local exploitation. 2. Monitor usage: Audit and monitor the use of the shc utility, especially the 'make' function, to detect unusual or unauthorized activity that could indicate exploitation attempts. 3. Apply patches promptly: Although no patch links are currently available, organizations should monitor vendor announcements and apply updates as soon as a fix is released. 4. Use alternative tools: Where possible, replace neurobin shc with alternative, secure shell script compilation or execution methods that do not have this vulnerability. 5. Employ runtime protections: Utilize security features such as stack canaries, Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR), and non-executable stack configurations to mitigate the impact of buffer overflow exploits. 6. Conduct local privilege audits: Regularly review local user privileges and remove unnecessary low-privilege accounts that could be exploited to trigger this vulnerability. 7. Educate users: Train system administrators and users about the risks of local exploitation and the importance of maintaining strict local access controls.