### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing large XMP metadata, possibly with lots of unnecessary elements.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.12.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.12.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3796](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3796).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to the RAM being exhausted. This requires accessing an image using `/FlateDecode` with large size values.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.10.2](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.10.2).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3734](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3734).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to the RAM being exhausted. This requires accessing a stream compressed using `/FlateDecode` with a `/Predictor` unequal 1 and large predictor parameters.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.10.2](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.10.2).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3734](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3734).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes. This requires cross-reference streams with wrong large `/Size` values or object streams with wrong large `/N` values.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.10.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.10.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3733](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3733).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the XMP metadata.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.10.0](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.10.0).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3724](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3724).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes and/or large memory usage. This requires accessing an array-based stream with lots of entries.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.9.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.9.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3686](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3686).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing a content stream with a rather large `/Length` value, regardless of the actual data length inside the stream.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.8.0](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.8.0).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3675](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3675).
As far as we are aware, this mostly affects reading from buffers of unknown size, as returned by `open("file.pdf", mode="rb")` for example. Passing a file path or a `BytesIO` buffer to *pypdf* instead does not seem to trigger the vulnerability.
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes. This requires accessing a stream which uses the `/ASCIIHexDecode` filter.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.5](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.5).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3666](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3666).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the content stream using the RunLengthDecode filter.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.4](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.4).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3664](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3664).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to the RAM being exhausted. This requires accessing the `xfa` property of a reader or writer and the corresponding stream being compressed using `/FlateDecode`.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.3](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.3).
### Workarounds
If projects cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3658](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3658).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to an infinite loop. This requires reading the file.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.2](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.2).
### Workarounds
If users cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3655](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3655).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes. This requires a malformed `/FlateDecode` stream, where the byte-by-byte decompression is used.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3644](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3644).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to long runtimes and large memory consumption. This requires parsing the `/ToUnicode` entry of a font with unusually large values, for example during text extraction.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3646](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3646).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to an infinite loop. This requires accessing the children of a `TreeObject`, for example as part of outlines.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.7.1](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.7.1).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3645](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3645).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to an infinite loop. This requires accessing the outlines/bookmarks.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf 6.6.2](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.6.2).
### Workarounds
If projects cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3610](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3610).
### Impact
An attacker who exploits this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to possibly long runtimes for invalid `startxref` entries. When rebuilding the cross-reference table, PDF files with lots of whitespace characters become problematic. Only the non-strict reading mode is affected.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.6.0](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.6.0).
### Workarounds
```python
from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter
# Instead of
reader = PdfReader("file.pdf")
# use the strict mode:
reader = PdfReader("file.pdf", strict=True)
# Instead of
writer = PdfWriter(clone_from="file.pdf")
# use an explicit strict reader:
writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=PdfReader("file.pdf", strict=True))
```
### Resources
This issue has been fixed in #3594.
### Impact
An attacker who exploits this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to possibly long runtimes for actually invalid files. This can be achieved by omitting the `/Root` entry in the trailer, while using a rather large `/Size` value. Only the non-strict reading mode is affected.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.6.0](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.6.0).
### Workarounds
```python
from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter
# Instead of
reader = PdfReader("file.pdf")
# use the strict mode:
reader = PdfReader("file.pdf", strict=True)
# Instead of
writer = PdfWriter(clone_from="file.pdf")
# use an explicit strict reader:
writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=PdfReader("file.pdf", strict=True))
```
### Resources
This issue has been fixed in #3594.
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to a memory usage of up to 1 GB per stream. This requires parsing the content stream of a page using the LZWDecode filter.
This is a follow up to [GHSA-jfx9-29x2-rv3j](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/security/advisories/GHSA-jfx9-29x2-rv3j) to align the default limit with the one for *zlib*.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.4.0](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.4.0).
### Workarounds
If users cannot upgrade yet, use the line below to overwrite the default in their code:
```python
pypdf.filters.LZW_MAX_OUTPUT_LENGTH = 75_000_000
```
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to large memory usage. This requires parsing the content stream of a page using the LZWDecode filter.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.1.3](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.1.3).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3502](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3502).
### Impact
An attacker who uses this vulnerability can craft a PDF which leads to an infinite loop. This requires parsing the content stream of a page which has an inline image using the DCTDecode filter.
### Patches
This has been fixed in [pypdf==6.1.3](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/releases/tag/6.1.3).
### Workarounds
If you cannot upgrade yet, consider applying the changes from PR [#3501](https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/pull/3501).