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CVE-2025-40300, known as VMSCAPE, is a vulnerability in the Linux kernel affecting certain processors where insufficient branch predictor isolation exists between a guest virtual machine and a userspace hypervisor. This flaw could allow an attacker in a guest VM to potentially expose sensitive information from the host operating system. The vulnerability is mitigated by conditionally issuing an Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier (IBPB) after VMexit before returning to userspace, although this may introduce overhead for workloads frequently switching between hypervisor and userspace. The issue has been addressed in multiple Linux kernel versions with patches available. Users are advised to update their Linux kernel packages and reboot to apply the fixes. Due to ABI changes, recompilation and reinstallation of third-party kernel modules may be necessary.

The Linux kernel contained insufficient branch predictor isolation between a guest VM and a userspace hypervisor on certain processors, a vulnerability named VMSCAPE (CVE-2025-40300). This allows a malicious guest VM to potentially leak sensitive information from the host OS by exploiting branch predictor state. Existing mitigations protect kernel and KVM from malicious guests, but userspace hypervisors required additional protection. The fix involves conditionally issuing an IBPB (Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier) after VMexit and before returning to userspace to flush poisoned branch predictors. This mitigation is separate from existing IBPB mechanisms and may double the IBPB overhead in some scenarios. The vulnerability affects numerous Linux kernel versions prior to the patched releases. Ubuntu advisories USN-7850-1 and USN-7853-1 provide detailed patch information and recommend updating and rebooting systems. The patches are available for various Ubuntu releases including 14.04 LTS, 16.04 LTS, and 18.04 LTS, with Ubuntu Pro providing extended support. The kernel update involves an ABI change requiring recompilation of third-party kernel modules.

Detailed information about In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/vmscape: Add conditional IBPB mitigation VMSCAPE is a vulnera

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/vmscape: Add conditional IBPB mitigation VMSCAPE is a vulnerability that… (CVE-2025-40300) - Live Threat Intelligence - Threat Radar | OffSeq.com

In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: x86/vmscape: Add conditional IBPB mitigation VMSCAPE is a vulnerability that… (CVE-2025-40300)

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