CVE-2025-10419 is a medium-severity SQL Injection vulnerability identified in version 1.0 of the SourceCodester Student Grading System. The vulnerability resides in the /del_promote.php file, specifically in the handling of the 'sy' parameter. An attacker can remotely manipulate this parameter to inject malicious SQL code into the backend database queries. This injection flaw allows unauthorized modification or retrieval of sensitive data stored within the database. The vulnerability requires no user interaction and can be exploited remotely without authentication, increasing its risk profile. However, the CVSS vector indicates a low complexity attack (AC:L) but requires low privileges (PR:L), meaning some level of access to the system is needed, though no user interaction is necessary. The impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability is limited to low levels, suggesting that while data exposure or modification is possible, it may not lead to full system compromise or widespread disruption. No public exploit is currently known to be actively used in the wild, but the exploit details have been disclosed publicly, which could increase the likelihood of future exploitation. The vulnerability affects only version 1.0 of the Student Grading System, which is a niche educational software product primarily used by academic institutions for managing student grades and promotions.

For European organizations, particularly educational institutions using the SourceCodester Student Grading System version 1.0, this vulnerability poses a risk of unauthorized data access and manipulation. Exploitation could lead to exposure or alteration of student grades, academic records, or promotion statuses, potentially undermining the integrity of academic evaluations. This could result in reputational damage, loss of trust from students and parents, and possible regulatory scrutiny under data protection laws such as GDPR if personal data is compromised. However, the limited scope of the affected software and the medium severity rating suggest that the overall impact on large-scale educational infrastructure is moderate. Institutions relying heavily on this system without additional security controls may face operational disruptions or data integrity issues. Since the vulnerability requires some level of privilege, attackers might need to gain initial access through other means, which somewhat limits the attack surface. Nonetheless, the remote exploitability and public disclosure increase the urgency for mitigation.

Organizations should immediately assess their use of SourceCodester Student Grading System version 1.0 and prioritize upgrading to a patched or newer version if available. In the absence of an official patch, administrators should implement strict input validation and sanitization on the 'sy' parameter in /del_promote.php to prevent SQL injection. Employing Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) configured to detect and block SQL injection patterns targeting this endpoint can provide an additional layer of defense. Restricting access to the grading system to trusted networks and enforcing strong authentication and authorization controls can reduce the risk of privilege escalation required for exploitation. Regular security audits and code reviews should be conducted to identify and remediate similar injection flaws. Additionally, monitoring logs for unusual database query patterns or access attempts to /del_promote.php can help detect exploitation attempts early. Backup procedures should be verified to ensure data recovery in case of integrity compromise.