CVE-2025-12461VulnerabilityPublished 29 Oct 2025

CVE-2025-12461: Grupo Castilla Epsilon RH · Insufficiently Protected Credentials

Affects Grupo Castilla Epsilon RHSource CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 6.9 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 06:26 UTC

CVSS 4.0 base score

6.9Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 0.3% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 23% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Attack Requirements: None
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: None
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low
Vulnerable system integrity: None
Vulnerable system availability: None
Subsequent system confidentiality: None
Subsequent system integrity: None
Subsequent system availability: None

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: The attacker must take no measurable action to exploit the vulnerability. The attack requires no target-specific circumvention to exploit the vulnerability. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable system.
Attack Requirements: None: The successful attack does not depend on the deployment and execution conditions of the vulnerable system. The attacker can expect to be able to reach the vulnerability and execute the exploit under all or most instances of the vulnerability.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files of the vulnerable system to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: None: The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any human user, other than the attacker.
Vulnerable system confidentiality: Low: There is some loss of confidentiality. Access to some restricted information is obtained, but the attacker does not have control over what information is obtained, or the amount or kind of loss is limited. The information disclosure does not cause a direct, serious loss to the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Vulnerable System.
Vulnerable system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system confidentiality: None: There is no loss of confidentiality within the Subsequent System or all confidentiality impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the Subsequent System or all integrity impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.
Subsequent system availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the Subsequent System or all availability impact is constrained to the Vulnerable System.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v4.0 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 29 Oct 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 2026-10-26.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
Grupo Castilla Epsilon RH	Affected =3.03.36.0185	Fixed in–

AI-suggested

Organizations should immediately audit their deployments of Grupo Castilla Epsilon RH to identify affected versions (3.03.36.0185). Until an official patch is released, implement strict network-level access controls to restrict access to the vulnerable path (‘…/epsilonnet/License/About.aspx’) using firewalls or web application firewalls (WAFs). Configure the application or underlying web server to enforce authentication and authorization checks on all sensitive endpoints, ensuring that license and configuration information is not publicly accessible. Enable detailed logging and monitoring for any access attempts to this path to detect potential reconnaissance activity. Conduct internal penetration testing to verify no other unprotected endpoints exist. Engage with Grupo Castilla support to obtain patches or updates addressing this vulnerability. Additionally, review and harden overall application security configurations, including secure coding practices and least privilege principles for internal modules. Educate IT and security teams about this vulnerability to increase awareness and readiness to respond to suspicious activity. Consider network segmentation to isolate HR management systems from broader corporate networks to limit attack surface exposure.

Description

CVE-2025-12461 is a medium-severity vulnerability in Grupo Castilla's Epsilon RH version 3.03.36.0185 that allows unauthenticated attackers to access an unprotected application path (‘…/epsilonnet/License/About.aspx’). This path reveals license and configuration details, including installed modules, due to insufficient access control (CWE-522). The vulnerability has a CVSS 4.0 score of 6.9, indicating moderate risk with network attack vector and no user interaction required. While no known exploits are currently reported in the wild, exposure of license and configuration information could aid attackers in further targeted attacks.

Impact

For European organizations using Grupo Castilla’s Epsilon RH version 3.03.36.0185, this vulnerability poses a moderate risk by exposing sensitive license and configuration information without requiring authentication. The disclosed data can facilitate reconnaissance efforts by attackers, enabling them to identify installed modules and tailor subsequent attacks, potentially leading to privilege escalation or data breaches. While the vulnerability itself does not directly compromise confidentiality, integrity, or availability of core HR data, it lowers the barrier for attackers to exploit other weaknesses in the system. This is particularly concerning for organizations with critical HR operations or sensitive employee data, as it could be a stepping stone for more damaging attacks. The absence of known exploits reduces immediate risk, but the ease of exploitation and network accessibility mean that threat actors could develop exploits quickly. European entities relying on this software for personnel management may face increased exposure to targeted cyberattacks, especially in sectors with high regulatory compliance requirements such as finance, healthcare, and government. The vulnerability could also impact trust and compliance with data protection regulations like GDPR if exploited in a chained attack leading to personal data compromise.

CWE-522Insufficiently Protected Credentials (opens in a new tab)
Class weaknessOWASP Top 10 A06:2025: Insecure Design (opens in a new tab)
The product transmits or stores authentication credentials, but it uses an insecure method that is susceptible to unauthorized interception and/or retrieval.
Architecture and Design
Use an appropriate security mechanism to protect the credentials.
Architecture and Design
Make appropriate use of cryptography to protect the credentials.
Implementation
Use industry standards to protect the credentials (e.g. LDAP, keystore, etc.).
OWASP Cheat Sheets
Secure Design Principles (opens in a new tab)
OWASP ASVS 4.0.3
V2.10.3 (opens in a new tab)
V2.8.5 (opens in a new tab)
V2.8.4 (opens in a new tab)
Attack patterns
Session Sidejacking (opens in a new tab)
Signature Spoofing by Key Theft (opens in a new tab)
Password Recovery Exploitation (opens in a new tab)
Kerberoasting (opens in a new tab)
Modify Existing Service (opens in a new tab)
From MITRE CWE, MITRE CAPEC and OWASP (Top 10, OpenCRE).

References

incibe.es/en/incibe-cert/notices/aviso/unprotected-access-parts-application-epsilon-rh-grupo-castilla (opens in a new tab)

Community reviews

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 5 Nov 2025, 11:58 UTC

WeaknessesCWE-522

Technical details

References

Community reviews

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