CVE-2025-28388 identifies a critical security vulnerability in OpenC3 COSMOS software versions before 6.0.2, where hardcoded credentials exist for a Service Account. Hardcoded credentials (CWE-798) are embedded static usernames and passwords within the software code or configuration, which cannot be changed by administrators. This flaw allows attackers to remotely connect to the affected system without authentication, as the credentials are universally known or easily extracted from the software. The vulnerability has a CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.8, reflecting its critical severity: it is remotely exploitable over the network (AV:N), requires no privileges (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), and impacts confidentiality, integrity, and availability (C:H/I:H/A:H). An attacker exploiting this vulnerability can gain full administrative control, potentially leading to data theft, system manipulation, or denial of service. Although no public exploits have been reported yet, the presence of hardcoded credentials is a well-known security anti-pattern that is often targeted by attackers. The vulnerability affects all deployments of OpenC3 COSMOS prior to version 6.0.2, necessitating urgent remediation. The lack of patch links suggests that organizations must obtain updates directly from the vendor or official channels. Given the critical nature of this vulnerability, it poses a significant threat to any organization using the affected software, especially those in sectors reliant on OpenC3 COSMOS for operational control or automation.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-28388 is substantial. OpenC3 COSMOS is often used in industrial control systems, automation, and operational technology environments, which are critical to sectors such as manufacturing, energy, transportation, and utilities. Exploitation could lead to unauthorized access to sensitive operational data, manipulation of control processes, and disruption of services, potentially causing physical damage or safety hazards. The compromise of confidentiality could expose proprietary or personal data, while integrity and availability impacts could halt critical infrastructure operations. This vulnerability could also facilitate lateral movement within networks, increasing the risk of broader compromise. European organizations face regulatory and compliance risks, including under GDPR and NIS Directive, if breaches occur due to this vulnerability. The absence of known exploits currently provides a window for proactive defense, but the critical severity score demands immediate attention to prevent potential exploitation.

Organizations should immediately upgrade OpenC3 COSMOS to version 6.0.2 or later, where the hardcoded credentials issue is resolved. If immediate patching is not feasible, implement network segmentation to isolate affected systems from untrusted networks and restrict access to management interfaces. Conduct thorough audits to detect any unauthorized access or use of the hardcoded credentials. Deploy intrusion detection and prevention systems tuned to detect anomalous authentication attempts related to the service account. Enforce strict credential management policies and rotate any credentials associated with the service account if possible. Monitor logs for suspicious activity and establish incident response procedures tailored to operational technology environments. Engage with the vendor for official patches and guidance, and consider applying application-layer firewalls or access control lists to limit exposure. Finally, raise awareness among operational staff about the risks and signs of exploitation related to this vulnerability.