CVE-2025-48160 is a high-severity vulnerability classified under CWE-98, which pertains to improper control of filenames used in include or require statements within PHP programs. Specifically, this vulnerability affects the CocoBasic Caliris product up to version 1.5. The flaw allows for PHP Remote File Inclusion (RFI) or Local File Inclusion (LFI), enabling an attacker to manipulate the filename parameter used in PHP include or require statements. This manipulation can lead to the inclusion and execution of arbitrary code or files on the affected server. The vulnerability is exploitable remotely over the network without requiring authentication or user interaction, as indicated by the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N). However, the attack complexity is high, meaning exploitation requires specific conditions or knowledge. The impact is critical across confidentiality, integrity, and availability, as successful exploitation can lead to full system compromise, data leakage, and service disruption. Although no known exploits are currently reported in the wild, the high CVSS score of 8.1 reflects the significant risk posed by this vulnerability. The absence of available patches at the time of publication further increases the urgency for mitigation. The vulnerability arises from insufficient validation or sanitization of user-supplied input used in PHP include/require statements, allowing attackers to specify arbitrary files or remote URLs to be included and executed by the PHP interpreter. This can lead to remote code execution, data exfiltration, or denial of service. Given the nature of PHP applications and the widespread use of CocoBasic Caliris in certain sectors, this vulnerability demands immediate attention.

For European organizations, the impact of CVE-2025-48160 can be severe. Organizations using CocoBasic Caliris in their IT infrastructure risk unauthorized access, data breaches, and potential full system compromise. The vulnerability could be exploited to execute arbitrary code remotely, leading to loss of sensitive data, disruption of business operations, and damage to reputation. Critical sectors such as finance, healthcare, government, and manufacturing, which may rely on PHP-based applications including Caliris, are particularly at risk. The high confidentiality, integrity, and availability impacts mean that attackers could steal personal or corporate data, alter or destroy information, or cause service outages. Additionally, the lack of authentication requirement lowers the barrier for attackers, increasing the likelihood of exploitation attempts. European organizations must consider regulatory implications, including GDPR compliance, as data breaches resulting from this vulnerability could lead to significant fines and legal consequences. The absence of known exploits in the wild currently provides a limited window for proactive defense, but the high severity and ease of remote exploitation necessitate urgent mitigation.

1. Immediate mitigation should focus on restricting access to vulnerable PHP scripts by implementing strict input validation and sanitization on all parameters used in include or require statements. 2. Employ web application firewalls (WAFs) with custom rules to detect and block suspicious requests attempting file inclusion attacks targeting Caliris. 3. Disable allow_url_include and allow_url_fopen directives in PHP configuration to prevent remote file inclusion if not already disabled. 4. Conduct a thorough code audit of the Caliris application to identify and fix insecure include/require usage, replacing dynamic includes with fixed paths or whitelisted files. 5. Isolate the Caliris application environment using containerization or sandboxing to limit the impact of potential exploitation. 6. Monitor logs for unusual file access patterns or errors indicative of attempted file inclusion attacks. 7. Engage with the vendor CocoBasic for official patches or updates and apply them promptly once available. 8. Implement network segmentation to limit exposure of the Caliris server to untrusted networks. 9. Educate development and security teams about secure coding practices related to file inclusion vulnerabilities to prevent recurrence. 10. Prepare incident response plans specifically addressing potential exploitation of this vulnerability.