CVE-2025-48591 is a security vulnerability identified in Google Android operating system versions 13, 14, and 15. The root cause is a missing permission check in multiple locations within the OS, which allows a local attacker to read files belonging to other users on the same device. This flaw does not require the attacker to have elevated execution privileges or to trick the user into any interaction, meaning that a malicious app or local user with standard permissions could exploit this vulnerability to access sensitive data stored by other users or apps. The vulnerability affects the confidentiality of data on the device, as unauthorized file reads can expose personal information, credentials, or other sensitive content. While no exploits have been reported in the wild yet, the vulnerability's nature makes it a significant risk, especially in environments where devices are shared or where multiple user profiles exist. The lack of a CVSS score indicates that the vulnerability is newly published and pending further analysis, but the technical details suggest a straightforward exploitation path. The vulnerability is particularly concerning for organizations relying on Android devices for secure communications, data storage, or business operations, as it undermines the OS's fundamental access control mechanisms. The absence of user interaction requirements further lowers the barrier for exploitation. The vulnerability was reserved in May 2025 and published in December 2025, indicating a recent discovery and disclosure. No official patches or exploit indicators are currently available, emphasizing the need for vigilance and prompt patching once updates are released.

For European organizations, this vulnerability could lead to unauthorized disclosure of sensitive corporate or personal data stored on Android devices. Given the widespread use of Android smartphones and tablets in Europe, especially in sectors like finance, healthcare, and government, the risk of data leakage is significant. Attackers exploiting this flaw could access confidential emails, documents, authentication tokens, or other private information without needing elevated privileges or user interaction. This could facilitate further attacks such as identity theft, corporate espionage, or targeted phishing campaigns. The impact is heightened in environments where devices are shared among multiple users or where Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policies are in place, increasing the likelihood of cross-user data exposure. Additionally, the vulnerability could undermine trust in mobile device security, potentially affecting compliance with data protection regulations like GDPR. The lack of known exploits currently reduces immediate risk but does not eliminate the threat, especially as attackers may develop exploits rapidly once patches are available. Overall, the vulnerability threatens confidentiality and could indirectly impact integrity and availability if leveraged in multi-stage attacks.

European organizations should implement a multi-layered mitigation strategy. First and foremost, they must monitor Google’s security advisories closely and apply official patches for Android versions 13, 14, and 15 as soon as they are released. Until patches are available, organizations should restrict installation of untrusted or unnecessary applications, especially those requesting file system access. Employing Mobile Device Management (MDM) solutions can help enforce app whitelisting, sandboxing, and permission controls to limit potential exploitation. Organizations should also educate users about the risks of installing apps from unknown sources and encourage the use of separate user profiles to minimize data exposure. Regular audits of device permissions and file access logs can help detect suspicious activity indicative of exploitation attempts. For highly sensitive environments, consider isolating critical data from mobile devices or using encrypted containers that require additional authentication. Finally, integrating endpoint detection and response (EDR) tools capable of monitoring local file access patterns on Android devices can provide early warning of exploitation attempts.