CVE-2025-49151 is a critical security vulnerability identified in Microsens NMP Web+, a network management platform. The root cause of this vulnerability is the use of hard-coded, security-relevant constants, specifically cryptographic keys or secrets, which are embedded directly within the application code. This practice corresponds to CWE-547 and leads to a severe security flaw where an unauthenticated attacker can generate forged JSON Web Tokens (JWTs). JWTs are commonly used for authentication and authorization in web applications. By exploiting this vulnerability, an attacker can bypass authentication mechanisms entirely, gaining unauthorized access to the system without any valid credentials or user interaction. The CVSS 3.1 base score of 9.3 reflects the critical nature of this flaw, with attack vector being network-based (AV:N), no attack complexity (AC:L), no privileges required (PR:N), no user interaction (UI:N), and high impact on confidentiality and integrity (C:H, I:H), while availability is unaffected (A:N). The vulnerability affects version 0 of the product, which likely refers to initial or early releases of Microsens NMP Web+. No patches or known exploits in the wild have been reported yet, but the potential for exploitation is high given the ease of attack and the critical impact. The vulnerability allows attackers to fully impersonate legitimate users or administrators, potentially leading to unauthorized configuration changes, data exfiltration, or disruption of network management operations.

For European organizations using Microsens NMP Web+, this vulnerability poses a significant risk. Network management platforms are critical infrastructure components that oversee and control network devices, configurations, and monitoring. Unauthorized access through forged JWTs can lead to full compromise of network management capabilities, allowing attackers to manipulate network configurations, disable security controls, or intercept sensitive network data. This can result in operational disruptions, data breaches, and potential cascading effects on connected systems. Given the criticality of network management in sectors such as telecommunications, energy, manufacturing, and government, exploitation could have wide-reaching consequences. Additionally, compliance with European data protection regulations such as GDPR could be jeopardized if personal or sensitive data is exposed due to this vulnerability. The lack of required authentication or user interaction lowers the barrier for attackers, increasing the likelihood of exploitation in hostile environments.

Immediate mitigation should focus on restricting access to the NMP Web+ management interface to trusted networks and users only, employing network segmentation and strict firewall rules to limit exposure. Organizations should monitor network traffic and logs for unusual JWT usage or authentication bypass attempts. Since no patches are currently available, consider deploying Web Application Firewalls (WAFs) with custom rules to detect and block forged JWT tokens or anomalous authentication patterns. Additionally, organizations should engage with Microsens for updates on patch availability and apply them promptly once released. As a longer-term measure, organizations should evaluate the security posture of network management solutions, favoring products that follow best practices for secret management, such as dynamic key provisioning and avoidance of hard-coded secrets. Implementing multi-factor authentication (MFA) at the network management layer, if supported, can add an additional security barrier. Finally, conduct regular security assessments and penetration testing focused on authentication mechanisms to detect similar vulnerabilities proactively.