VulnerabilityPublished 8 Jul 2025Updated 13 Feb 2026

CVE-2025-49681: Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1 · Out-of-bounds Read

Affects Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1Source CVE Database V5

Not known to be exploited · CVSS 6.5 Medium.

Data as of 26 Oct 2026, 11:42 UTC

CVSS 3.1 base score

6.5Medium

How severe the flaw is on the 0–10 CVSS scale.

EPSS: 1.2% chance of exploitation in 30 days – higher than 68% of CVEsExploit Prediction Scoring System: the likelihood attackers will use this flaw soon.

CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:N/A:N/E:U/RL:O/RC:C

Base metrics

Attack Vector: Network
Attack Complexity: Low
Privileges Required: None
User Interaction: Required
Scope: Unchanged
Confidentiality: High
Integrity: None
Availability: None

Temporal metrics

Exploit Code Maturity: Unproven
Remediation Level: Official Fix
Report Confidence: Confirmed

Bold values are the worst case: easiest to exploit or largest impact.

Attack Vector: Network: The vulnerable component is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed 'remotely exploitable' and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers).
Attack Complexity: Low: Specialized access conditions or extenuating circumstances do not exist. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable component.
Privileges Required: None: The attacker is unauthorized prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files to carry out an attack.
User Interaction: Required: Successful exploitation of this vulnerability requires a user to take some action before the vulnerability can be exploited.
Scope: Unchanged: An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In this case, the vulnerable component and the impacted component are either the same, or both are managed by the same security authority.
Confidentiality: High: There is total loss of confidentiality, resulting in all resources within the impacted component being divulged to the attacker. Alternatively, access to only some restricted information is obtained, but the disclosed information presents a direct, serious impact.
Integrity: None: There is no loss of integrity within the impacted component.
Availability: None: There is no impact to availability within the impacted component.
Exploit Code Maturity: Unproven: No exploit code is available, or an exploit is theoretical.
Remediation Level: Official Fix: A complete vendor solution is available. Either the vendor has issued an official patch, or an upgrade is available.
Report Confidence: Confirmed: Detailed reports exist, or functional reproduction is possible (functional exploits may provide this). Source code is available to independently verify the assertions of the research, or the author or vendor of the affected code has confirmed the presence of the vulnerability.

Definitions: FIRST CVSS v3.1 specification.

Exploitation evidence

Disclosed: evidence found.
CVE published 8 Jul 2025
Detectable: no evidence on record.
No public nuclei template indexed
Weaponised: no evidence on record.
No public exploit code indexed in Metasploit or Exploit-DB
Exploited in the wildExploited: no evidence on record.
Not in CISA KEV and no source reports exploitation
Observed by OffSeq MirageSeen by Mirage: no evidence on record.
No attack traffic recorded by OffSeq Mirage sensors

A missing step is not evidence of safety. Sources: cve.org (opens in a new tab), the Metasploit, Exploit-DB and nuclei-templates index as of 26 Oct 2026.

Disclosed: The CVE record is public on cve.org. Its publication is t = 0.
Detectable: A public nuclei template can find exposed instances, for defenders and attackers alike.
Weaponised: Public exploit code exists in Metasploit or Exploit-DB, or CISA SSVC or the CVSS exploit maturity reports a public proof of concept.
Exploited in the wild: CISA KEV lists it, CISA SSVC rates exploitation active, or a source reports attacks.
Observed by OffSeq Mirage: OffSeq Mirage honeypot sensors recorded attack traffic for this CVE, or found exposed hosts without attack traffic.

Moments are spaced evenly, not to scale; a dashed line marks a gap of six months or more. Deltas count from t = 0. Sources that give only a date (CISA KEV, Exploit-DB, or a time of exactly 00:00Z) read “same day” rather than hours. Metasploit modules carry the flaw’s disclosure date, not their release date, and nuclei templates carry no date, so both appear above but not on the timeline.

What to do

Affected software

Product	Affected	Fixed in
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2 Service Pack 1	Affected =6.1.7601.0	Fixed in–

AI-suggested

Disable the Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 systems if it is not essential to business operations.
Restrict network exposure of RRAS by implementing strict firewall rules to limit access only to trusted IP addresses and networks.
Employ network segmentation to isolate legacy Windows Server 2008 R2 systems from the broader enterprise network and the internet.
Monitor network traffic for unusual or malformed packets targeting RRAS ports to detect potential exploitation attempts.
Prepare for and promptly apply any security patches or updates released by Microsoft addressing this vulnerability.
Conduct an inventory of all Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 instances and plan for migration to supported operating system versions to reduce long-term risk.
Implement strong logging and alerting on RRAS-related events to facilitate early detection of exploitation attempts.
Educate network administrators about the risks associated with legacy RRAS deployments and the importance of minimizing exposure.

Description

Out-of-bounds read in Windows Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS) allows an unauthorized attacker to disclose information over a network.

Impact

For European organizations, the primary impact of CVE-2025-49681 is the potential unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information hosted on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 systems running RRAS. This could include configuration data, credentials, or other sensitive memory contents that attackers can leverage for further intrusion or lateral movement. Confidentiality breaches can lead to regulatory non-compliance under GDPR, reputational damage, and potential financial losses. Since the vulnerability does not affect integrity or availability, direct disruption of services is unlikely. However, the exposure of sensitive information can facilitate subsequent attacks, increasing overall risk. Organizations relying on RRAS for VPN or routing services are particularly vulnerable if these services are exposed to untrusted networks. The medium severity score suggests a moderate risk, but the lack of patches and the presence of legacy systems in some sectors elevate the urgency for mitigation. European critical infrastructure sectors such as energy, finance, and government may be targeted due to the strategic value of the information potentially disclosed.

CWE-125Out-of-bounds Read (opens in a new tab)
Base weaknessCWE Top 25 (2025): #8
The product reads data past the end, or before the beginning, of the intended buffer.
Implementation · Input Validation
Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
Architecture and Design · Language Selection
Use a language that provides appropriate memory abstractions.
OWASP Cheat Sheets
XML Security (opens in a new tab)
Mass Assignment (opens in a new tab)
OWASP ASVS 4.0.3
V13.3.1 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.4 (opens in a new tab)
V5.1.3 (opens in a new tab)
Attack patterns
Overread Buffers (opens in a new tab)
From MITRE CWE, MITRE CAPEC and OWASP (Top 10, OpenCRE).

References

msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerability/CVE-2025-49681 (opens in a new tab)

Community reviews

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Exploitation evidence

What to do

Affected software

Description

AI analysisMachine-generated, updated 14 Feb 2026, 10:21 UTC

WeaknessesCWE-125

Technical details

References

Community reviews

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