CVE-2025-5502 is a command injection vulnerability identified in the TOTOLINK X15 router, specifically in version 1.0.0-B20230714.1105. The flaw resides in the function formMapReboot within the /boafrm/formMapReboot file. The vulnerability is triggered by manipulation of the deviceMacAddr argument, which is not properly sanitized, allowing an attacker to inject arbitrary commands that the system executes. This vulnerability can be exploited remotely without requiring user interaction or authentication, as indicated by the CVSS vector (AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/UI:N/PR:L). The CVSS score is 5.3, categorized as medium severity, reflecting limited impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability, and the requirement of low privileges (PR:L). The vendor has not responded to disclosure attempts, and no patches or mitigations have been published yet. Although no known exploits are currently in the wild, the public disclosure of the exploit code increases the risk of exploitation. Command injection vulnerabilities are critical because they allow attackers to execute arbitrary system commands, potentially leading to full device compromise, data leakage, or network pivoting. The TOTOLINK X15 is a consumer-grade router, and exploitation could allow attackers to disrupt network availability, intercept or manipulate traffic, or use the device as a foothold for further attacks within a network environment.

For European organizations, this vulnerability poses a risk primarily to those using TOTOLINK X15 routers in their network infrastructure, particularly in smaller enterprises or home office environments where consumer-grade routers are common. Successful exploitation could lead to unauthorized command execution on the router, enabling attackers to disrupt network services, intercept sensitive communications, or establish persistent access. This could impact confidentiality by exposing internal network data, integrity by allowing manipulation of network traffic or device configurations, and availability by causing device reboots or denial of service. Given the medium CVSS score and the requirement for low privileges, the threat is moderate but should not be underestimated, especially in environments where these routers are used as primary gateways. The lack of vendor response and absence of patches increases the window of exposure. European organizations with limited IT security resources may be particularly vulnerable if these devices are deployed without additional network segmentation or monitoring.

1. Immediate mitigation should include isolating TOTOLINK X15 routers from critical network segments to limit potential lateral movement if compromised. 2. Disable remote management features on the router to reduce exposure to remote attacks. 3. Monitor network traffic for unusual activity originating from or targeting the router, including unexpected command executions or reboots. 4. Where possible, replace affected TOTOLINK X15 devices with routers from vendors with active security support and patch management. 5. Implement strict network segmentation and firewall rules to restrict access to router management interfaces. 6. Regularly audit and update router firmware, and subscribe to vendor or security advisories for any future patches. 7. Employ intrusion detection systems (IDS) capable of detecting command injection attempts or anomalous behavior on network devices. 8. Educate IT staff and users about the risks associated with consumer-grade routers and encourage the use of enterprise-grade equipment in sensitive environments.